College student contraceptive use: A multivariate analysis

This study investigated the relationship of 22 variables—categorized as relating to sexual history, relationship, social support, contraception beliefs, and personality factors—to contraceptive use by college women and men. The use of effective contraception by both women and men was primarily associated with partner support for contraception; and the choice between oral contraceptives and condoms was associated with frequency of intercourse.     

De Genève à San José: les normes de l'OIT et le système interaméricain de protection des droits humains

Les auteurs démontrent comment les instances interaméricaines de protection des droits humains ont utilisé les normes de l'OIT. Après avoir posé les limites de cet usage, ils l'illustrent par des exemples relatifs au droit à la liberté d'association et aux droits des peuples autochtones. Ils analysent aussi comment ces normes ont influencé la jurisprudence interaméricaine récente relativement à certains droits économiques, sociaux et culturels. Ils affirment que cette méthode de référencement croisé est souhaitable et utile: elle permet aux instances interaméricaines de fonder leur argumentaire sur l'interprétation d'autorités spécialisées, tout en renforçant la crédibilité et la légitimité normative de leurs décisions, qui gagnent en universalité.     

Poverty, income distribution and CGE micro-simulation modeling: Does the functional form of distribution matter?

This paper explores income distribution modeling approaches for poverty analysis in a CGE micro-simulation context. Income distribution functional forms such as the lognormal, Pareto, beta distribution and empirical methods are currently used in CGE models in parallel with the estimation of FGT poverty indices. The particular methods or functional forms used in this context are not always clearly defined and justified. In this paper, we investigate and provide better criteria for selecting a functional distribution for poverty analysis. To achieve this, we apply parametric estimation to seven functional forms and compare the results to a purely “empirical” method. The results showed that no single form is more appropriate in all instances or for all household subgroups. The choice of a modeling approach should be motivated by a search for best fit and should be based on appropriate statistical tests. Selecting inappropriate distributional forms can lead to biased results in terms of poverty analysis. Introducing functional forms in the empirical approach can also provide greater confidence in the results obtained.

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An erratum to this article can be found at     

Fetishes and motorcars: Negrophilia in French modernism

Based on an ethnographic study of evaluators' micro-practices during the admission test at a prominent Danish design school, this paper looks into the decisions made by evaluators when selecting future students.Two rounds make up the test in question: A first round where evaluators review portfolios made by anonymous candidates and a second round where a number of candidates are invited to interviews based on positive reviews of their portfolios. Following the two-tier course of the test, the analysis discusses the co-constitutive relationship between portfolios and candidates. Whereas the first round of the admission test clearly builds on the principle that talent can be identified in applicants' work, the second round introduces the premise that the person in question may be more important than the work. Hence, while objects constitute active participants during the review round, they tend to become neglected when applicants step in. To consider the selection processes during the test, the paper draws inspiration from the anthropologist of art Alfred Gell's art nexus that consists of artist, recipients, art objects and prototypes. With these four cardinal points, it becomes possible to identify relations made between evaluators and candidates along with portfolios and conventions which they refer to. That is, rather than seeing the test as a social game played solely by evaluators and applicants, the art nexus calls attention also to the roles played by portfolios and aesthetic conventions. However, based on the structure of the test, evaluators rank the subjectivity of candidates as paramount, while portfolios become in Gell's words ‘secondary agents’. By introducing a specific form of personhood as the final selection parameter, the admission test continues a long tradition of auteurism, which may have problematic effects, as previous studies of cultural education have demonstrated within fashion design and the congruent domains of film and fine art.     

In quest of the banks set in spatial voting games

The Banks set (1(4):295–306, 1985) is one of the more important concepts in voting theory since it tells us about the sophisticated outcomes of standard amendment voting procedures commonly in use throughout the English speaking world (and elsewhere as well). While the properties of the Banks set for finite voting games have been extensively studied, little is known about how to find members of this set for majority rule spatial voting games involving possibly infinite agendas. We look at this question for two-dimensional games where voters have Euclidean preferences, and offer a variety of new results that delimit areas of the space that can be shown to lie within the Banks set, such as the Schattschneider set, the tri-median set, and the Banks line set—geometric constructs which we show to be nested within one another.     

About the authors

This article examines the historical development of formally and informally segregated churches within the Diocese of Lafayette, Louisiana, the role segregated churches continue to have, and the attitudes of religious leaders within these churches towards the issue of racial integration. Data were obtained from surveys, interviews, and historical research. Interview and survey data used for this project were gleaned from Parish Council Presidents, Directors of Religious Education, the Diocesan Pastoral Council, and the Advisory Board for the Office of Black Catholic Ministries within the Diocese of Lafayette. One hundred fifty-five surveys were completed and returned. Thirty-four individuals were interviewed. In addition, the Diocese of Lafayette made their archives available to the researchers.     

Choosing subsets: a size-independent probabilistic model and the quest for a social welfare ordering

“Subset voting” denotes a choice situation where one fixed set of choice alternatives (candidates, products) is offered to a group of decision makers, each of whom is requested to pick a subset containing any number of alternatives. In the context of subset voting we merge three choice paradigms, “approval voting“ from political science, the “weak utility model” from mathematical psychology, and “social welfare orderings” from social choice theory. We use a probabilistic choice model proposed by Falmagne and Regenwetter (1996) built upon the notion that each voter has a personal ranking of the alternatives and chooses a subset at the top of the ranking. Using an extension of Sen's (1966) theorem about value restriction, we provide necessary and sufficient conditions for this empirically testable choice model to yield a social welfare ordering. Furthermore, we develop a method to compute Borda scores and Condorcet winners from subset choice probabilities. The technique is illustrated on an election of the Mathematical Association of America (Brams, 1988). Received: 18 August 1995 / Accepted: 13 February 1997     

A method for planning long term strategy in basic industries

Standard market studies may provide a valid estimate of future demand, but they are unable to furnish objective data about future supply and selling prices. Consequently any profitability or feasibility study making use of standard methods involves a large amount of guess-work disguised as scientific data, with the resulting probability of error. This probability is most true and most dangerous in heavy industry.The method described here does not attempt to determine actual future supply, this is impossible. Instead, it strives to define potential supply by conducting a worldwide study of the opportunities for creating new production units able to operate at low cost.The method, makes it possible to select the soundest and most profitable of the possible projects, without concern for those of competitors, since these will already have been analyzed within the framework of the study. The author claims that this method can provide objective estimates of long term return on investment, by taking as an average selling price the cost of sales of the last competitor on the list of those whose output is needed to meet normal demand.