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This study presents an evaluation of the risks due to the physical hazards associated with two remedial alternatives for a former chemical manufacturing facility in New Jersey. Both the on-site and off-site risk of work-related fatalities during remedy implementation and the risks of accident or accident-related fatalities during the off-site transport of site-related materials were evaluated. The two remedial alternatives evaluated were on-site containment and excavation with off-site incineration. The risk of at least one fatality due to a work-related accident was estimated for on-site activities associated with each remedial alternative, and for off-site incineration. The risks of at least one accident and of one accident-related fatality were calculated with accident and fatality data from the U.S. Department of Transportation. In addition, the risk of at least one accident that might potentially affect a natural resource (e.g., river, lake, or national park) was evaluated. This evaluation indicates that the risk of a work-related fatality is over an order of magnitude higher, and the risk of an accident or accident-related fatality is over three orders of magnitude higher, for the excavation/off-site incineration remedial alternative than for the on-site containment alternative. Overall, this study indicates that the physical hazards associated with excavation and off-site incineration are much greater than those associated with on-site containment for this site. Therefore, if a choice between the two remedial alternatives were to be made based solely on physical hazards and accident risk, the on-site containment alternative would be more protective of human health and the environment than the excavation/off-site incineration alternative. 相似文献
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In the past decades two International Summits, namely the Education for All Conference in Jomtien, Thailand (1990) and the Framework for Action in Dakar, Senegal (2000), have assessed and summarised the status and goals of primary and secondary education and drawn comparisons on prospects and problems between developed and developing countries. The Framework for Action, as its title suggests, sought to put in place a framework for goal realisation in education planning and practice primarily, but not exclusively, in developing countries. This paper assesses the extent to which global goals and summaries of progress mask the difficulties faced in local education delivery, focusing on access to and use of spatial data in the education planning process. Attention is focused on the situation in Peru in general and in the District of Independencia in the Cono Norte of Lima in particular. The quality of spatial and other data resources and the technical difficulties in assembling these into a form that can support local decision making in education planning and governance suggests that there remain significant obstacles in achieving a quality education for all, especially in developing countries. 相似文献
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Abdul B. Kamara Brent Swallow Michael Kirk 《Development policy review : the journal of the Overseas Development Institute》2004,22(4):381-403
The Borana rangelands of Southern Ethiopia are characterised by extensive livestock production under a communal land‐use system that has evolved in response to variable rainfall and uncertain production conditions. However, the last two decades have witnessed an increasing privatisation of rangelands for crop production and private grazing. The results of a quantitative assessment are used to develop a framework for assessing the drivers of change and their long‐term implications. It is concluded that certain national policies have resulted in conflicts of authority between traditional and formal systems, creating an avenue for spontaneous enclosures, associated conflicts and decreasing human welfare. 相似文献
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While existing literature on leadership articulates the importance of leader emotion, there has been little attention to the potential roles of more specific emotions. Emotions such as anger and sadness have been linked to leaders in times of crisis. The current paper examined the effect of leader emotion on evaluations of leadership in the context of a failed product. In particular, we examined how the expression of anger and sadness influences the evaluation of leaders. Results revealed that a leader expressing sadness was evaluated more favorably than a leader expressing anger. We found that participants' emotion mediated the relationship between leaders' emotion and the evaluation of leaders. Furthermore, accepting responsibility for the crisis led to more favorable evaluations than not accepting responsibility. 相似文献
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Semiparametric latent variable regression models for spatiotemporal modelling of mobile source particles in the greater Boston area 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Alexandros Gryparis Brent A. Coull Joel Schwartz Helen H. Suh 《Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series C, Applied statistics》2007,56(2):183-209
Summary. Traffic particle concentrations show considerable spatial variability within a metropolitan area. We consider latent variable semiparametric regression models for modelling the spatial and temporal variability of black carbon and elemental carbon concentrations in the greater Boston area. Measurements of these pollutants, which are markers of traffic particles, were obtained from several individual exposure studies that were conducted at specific household locations as well as 15 ambient monitoring sites in the area. The models allow for both flexible non-linear effects of covariates and for unexplained spatial and temporal variability in exposure. In addition, the different individual exposure studies recorded different surrogates of traffic particles, with some recording only outdoor concentrations of black or elemental carbon, some recording indoor concentrations of black carbon and others recording both indoor and outdoor concentrations of black carbon. A joint model for outdoor and indoor exposure that specifies a spatially varying latent variable provides greater spatial coverage in the area of interest. We propose a penalized spline formulation of the model that relates to generalized kriging of the latent traffic pollution variable and leads to a natural Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm for model fitting. We propose methods that allow us to control the degrees of freedom of the smoother in a Bayesian framework. Finally, we present results from an analysis that applies the model to data from summer and winter separately. 相似文献
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