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41.
Disparities in African American health remain pervasive and persist ransgenerationally. There is a growing consensus that both structural and interpersonal racial discrimination are key mechanisms affecting African American health. The Biopsychosocial Model of Racism as a Stressor posits that the persistent stress of experiencing discrimination take a physical toll on the health of African Americans and is ultimately manifested in the onset of illness. However, the degree to which the health consequences of racism and discrimination can be passed down from one generation to the next is an important avenue of exploration. In this review, we discuss and link literature across disciplines demonstrating the harmful impact of racism on African American physical health and the health of their offspring. 相似文献
42.
Bridget Brereton 《Slavery & abolition》2013,34(2):86-96
Natural Rebels: A Social History of Enslaved Black Women in Barbados. Hilary McD. Beckles. London: Zed Books Ltd. 1989. ix, 197pp. Slave Women in Caribbean Society 1650–1838. Barbara bush. London: James Currey Ltd. 1990. xiii, 190pp. Slave Women in the New World: Gender Stratification in the Caribbean. Marietta Morrissey. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. 1989. xiv, 202pp. 相似文献
43.
Social Networks and Support,Gender, and Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Hypertension Among Older Adults
Using data from the 2001 NHIS and the 2005–2006 and 2007–2008 NHANES, we examine how self-reporting a previous diagnosis of
hypertension among adults aged 65+ differs by race/ethnicity for men and women; we explore the extent to which disparities
are driven by group differences in social risk factors, particularly social support and integration; and last, whether these
relationships mimic patterns seen for measured hypertension at interview. Findings indicate that rates of ever-diagnosed hypertension
in both samples are highest among black seniors and older women and lowest among Mexican-American men, with the gender gap
lowest among whites and substantially higher among blacks and Mexican-Americans. However, replication analyses of NHANES models
using measured hypertension, instead of a self-report of having ever been diagnosed with hypertension, suggests that reporting
bias and measurement error contribute to observed disparities, as racial/ethnic differences in hypertension rates are smaller
when measured hypertension is examined, especially among women. Logistic regression models also show that while adjusting
for group differences in measures of support and integration mediates some of the disparity in measured hypertension between
Mexican-American and white seniors, adjusting for support and integration amplifies black-white disparities in both ever diagnosed
and measured hypertension—driven primarily by adjustment for attendance at religious services, which reduces hypertension
risk for all older adults but is more commonly reported among black seniors, especially women. 相似文献
44.
45.
Bridget Kerkin Susan Lennox Jean Patterson 《Women and birth : journal of the Australian College of Midwives》2018,31(3):232-239
Background
Midwives have a professional, ethical and legal obligation to effectively and thoroughly document the care provided to women and the decisions made within the partnership relationship. To appreciate the best approach to documenting midwifery care, it is important to first understand the purpose of midwifery documentation.Aim
The aim of this article is to explore the literature in relation to the purposes of midwifery documentation.Method
A literature search was performed using the CINAHL and Pubmed databases. Hand searching of reference and citation lists was employed to deepen the literature pool.Findings and discussion
No research articles with a midwifery focus were found addressing the purpose of documentation. Broader searching of literature from other healthcare fields was drawn on to identify the contribution of record keeping to: partnership and continuity of care; communication between health professionals; improved standards of care; audits and clinical reviews; research and education; the visibility of midwifery work; the reflective practices of midwives; professional accountability; the legal record of care; the narrative record of experience for women.Conclusion
The purpose of midwifery documentation is complex and multi-factorial, involving much more than the recording of clinical and legal details of a woman’s care. Midwifery documentation may potentially enhance the maternity care experience for women, support the role of the midwife, positively impact collaboration between health professionals, and contribute to organisational processes and research. Further research is needed to clarify how to address the documentation priorities of women and midwives, within the context of the maternity record. 相似文献46.
Horman Chitonge Orleans Mfune Bridget B. Umar Gear M. Kajoba Diana Banda Lungisile Ntsebeza 《Social Dynamics》2017,43(1):82-102
The conversion of customary land into leasehold tenure has sparked intense debates in Zambia and beyond. Growing interest in land in the last decade and half has led to a spike in demand for land across Africa, especially land adjacent to major cities, towns and developed infrastructure. This growing demand for land is gradually being directed at customary land, which well-resourced urban and local elites, as well as foreign investors, are converting from customary to private tenure, raising serious questions about the future of customary land in Africa. This paper discusses the emerging dynamics around customary land conversion drawing from a case study conducted in Chongwe and Chibombo districts in Zambia. Evidence gathered in this study suggest that while the conversion of customary land to leasehold tenure is generating opportunities for the urban elite, a few traditional leaders and international investors, it is, at the same time, creating serious challenges for the majority of the people in the local communities. 相似文献
47.
Wendy L.M. Franks Kenda E. Crozier Bridget L.M. Penhale 《Women and birth : journal of the Australian College of Midwives》2017,30(4):e179-e187
Background/objectives
British public health and academic policy and guidance promotes service user involvement in health care and research, however collaborative research remains underrepresented in literature relating to pregnant women’s mental health. The aim of this participatory research was to explore mothers’ and professionals’ perspectives on the factors that influence pregnant women’s mental health.Method
This qualitative research was undertaken in England with the involvement of three community members who had firsthand experience of mental health problems during pregnancy. All members of the team were involved in study design, recruitment, data generation and different stages of thematic analysis. Data were transcribed for individual and group discussions with 17 women who self-identified as experiencing mental health problems during pregnancy and 15 professionals who work with this group. Means of establishing trustworthiness included triangulation, researcher reflexivity, peer debriefing and comprehensive data analysis.Findings
Significant areas of commonality were identified between mothers’ and professionals’ perspectives on factors that undermine women’s mental health during pregnancy and what is needed to support women’s mental health. Analysis of data is provided with particular reference to contexts of relational, systemic and ecological conditions in women’s lives.Conclusions
Women’s mental health is predominantly undermined or supported by relational, experiential and material factors. The local context of socio-economic deprivation is a significant influence on women’s mental health and service requirements. 相似文献48.
Nancy Eisenberg Amanda Cumberland Ivanna K. Guthrie Bridget C. Murphy Stephanie A. Shepard 《Journal of research on adolescence》2005,15(3):235-260
Age changes' measures of prosocial responding and reasoning were examined. Participants' reports of helping, empathy‐related responding, and prosocial moral reasoning were obtained in adolescence (from age 15–16 years) and into adulthood (to age 25–26 years). Perspective taking and approval/interpersonal oriented/stereotypic prosocial moral reasoning increased from adolescence into adulthood, whereas personal distress declined. Helping declined and then increased (a cubic trend). Prosocial moral judgment composite scores (and self‐reflective empathic reasoning) generally increased from late adolescence into the early 20s (age 17–18 to 21–22) but either leveled off or declined slightly thereafter (i.e., showed linear and cubic trends); rudimentary needs‐oriented reasoning showed the reverse pattern of change. The increase in self‐reflective empathic moral reasoning was for females only. Thus, perspective taking and some aspects of prosocial moral reasoning—capacities with a strong sociocognitive basis—showed the clearest increases with age, whereas simple prosocial proclivities (i.e., helping, sympathy) did not increase with age. 相似文献
49.
Freisthler B Gruenewald PJ Johnson FW Treno AJ Lascala EA 《Journal of drug education》2005,35(1):15-27
This study examines the spatial relationship between drug availability and rates of drug use in neighborhood areas. Responses from 16,083 individuals were analyzed at the zip code level (n = 158) and analyses were conducted separately for youth and adults using spatial regression techniques. The dependent variable is the percentage of respondents using drugs in the past year. Neighborhood drug availability (the major independent variable) was measured by the percentage of non-drug users who had been approached to purchase drugs. Data were obtained as part of the Fighting Back community evaluation. For youth (aged 12 to 18), drug sales in adjacent and surrounding areas were positively associated with self-reported drug use in areas where youth were residents. For adults, drug sales within the neighborhood were negatively associated with drug use, while drug sales in immediately adjacent neighborhoods were positively related to self-reports of drug use. Findings suggest that the areas where rates of drug users are greatest are not necessarily the same area where drugs are sold. Designing strategies to reduce the supply of drugs should receive input from city and regional planners and developers, as well as law enforcement and public health professionals. 相似文献
50.
Teachers' Perceptions of Conflict with Young Students: Looking beyond Problem Behaviors 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Bridget K. Hamre Robert C. Pianta Jason T. Downer Andrew J. Mashburn 《Social Development》2008,17(1):115-136
Teachers' judgments of relational conflict are unique indicators of children's academic and social adjustment. Using a large, hierarchically nested sample of preschoolers (N = 2282) and teachers (N = 597) this study examines the individual and classroom factors associated with teachers' ratings of conflict, both before and after adjusting for problem behaviors ratings. Over half of the variance in teachers' reports of conflict with children was explained by ratings of children's problem behaviors. However, many children had more (or less) conflict than predicted based on teacher‐rated problem behavior. Older children were more likely to have conflictual relationships with teachers than expected based on their level of problem behavior. Furthermore, teachers who reported more depression and lower self‐efficacy and teachers who were observed to provide less emotional support in the classroom tended to report more conflict with students in their classroom than expected based on levels of problem behaviors. 相似文献