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981.
In this work, we develop statistical inference for the parameters of a discrete-time stochastic SIR epidemic model. We use a Markov chain for describing the dynamic behavior of the epidemic. Specifically, we propose estimators for the contact and removal rates based on the maximum likelihood and martingale methods, and establish their asymptotic distributions. The obtained results are applied in the statistical analysis of the basic reproduction number, a quantity that is useful in establishing vaccination policies. In order to evaluate the population size for which the results are useful, a numerical study is carried out. Finally, a comparison of the maximum likelihood and martingale estimators is conducted by means of Monte Carlo simulations. 相似文献
982.
A recent investigation of the British General Household Survey (GHS) found substantial over-reporting of childlessness in recent years, particularly at older ages. We examine the phenomenon in further detail and find that the principal cause was change in survey procedures. To some extent the bias can be corrected for by using information on own children in the household. Revised fertility histories give period estimates of total fertility that are in close agreement with national vital registration statistics, unlike those based on original fertility histories of recent years. Misreporting in fertility histories dates primarily from administrative changes in the GHS in the years 1998-2000, and particularly from 2003, when the option of laptop self-completion (CASI) was introduced for reporting demographic histories. 相似文献
983.
Mª del Mar Salinas-Jiménez Joaquín Artés Javier Salinas-Jiménez 《Social indicators research》2011,103(3):409-426
In this paper we empirically investigate the direct effects of education on utility. Besides investment aspects of education,
the focus is placed on its consumption component and on education positional concerns. We use data from the World Values Survey
(WVS) and adopt a life satisfaction approach. First, we find that education shows a significant effect on life satisfaction
independent of its effect on income, thus identifying a consumption component of education. Furthermore, given that the contribution
of education to individual wellbeing might depend partly on relative position rather than absolute levels, we next study whether
education can be considered as a positional good. To this end we analyse the relationship between education and life satisfaction
for people in different income groups in which the reference levels of education may differ. Additionally, we control for
occupational status since benefits from education could appear via occupational benefits. Our results indicate that the contribution
of education to subjective wellbeing is stronger as less people attain a given level of education, thus suggesting that this
contribution is partly due to positional concerns. 相似文献
984.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of residual variability and carryover on average bioequivalence (ABE) studies performed under a 22 crossover design. ABE is usually assessed by means of the confidence interval inclusion principle. Here, the interval under consideration was the standard 'shortest' interval, which is the mainstream approach in practice. The evaluation was performed by means of a simulation study under different combinations of carryover and residual variability besides of formulation effect and sample size. The evaluation was made in terms of percentage of ABE declaration, coverage and interval precision. As is well known, high levels of variability distort the ABE procedures, particularly its type II error control (i.e. high variabilities make difficult to declare bioequivalence when it holds). The effect of carryover is modulated by variability and is especially disturbing for the type I error control. In the presence of carryover, the risk of erroneously declaring bioequivalence may become high, especially for low variabilities and large sample sizes. We end up with some hints concerning the controversy about pretesting for carryover before performing ABE analysis. 相似文献
985.
We briefly review and discuss design issues for population growth and decline models. We then use a flexible growth and decline model as an illustrative example and apply optimal design theory to find optimal sampling times for estimating model parameters, specific parameters and interesting functions of the model parameters for the model with two real applications. Robustness properties of the optimal designs are investigated when nominal values or the model is mis-specified, and also under a different optimality criterion. To facilitate use of optimal design ideas in practice, we also introduce a website for generating a variety of optimal designs for popular models from different disciplines. 相似文献
986.
Víctor Leiva Emilia Athayde Cecilia Azevedo Carolina Marchant 《Journal of applied statistics》2011,38(12):2819-2838
In this paper, we discuss a Birnbaum–Saunders distribution with an unknown shift parameter and apply it to wind energy modeling. We describe structural aspects of this distribution including properties, moments, mode and hazard and shape analyses. We also discuss estimation, goodness of fit and diagnostic methods for this distribution. A computational implementation in R language of the obtained results is provided. Finally, we apply such results to two unpublished real wind speed data from Chile, which allows us to show the characteristics of this statistical distribution and to model wind energy flux. 相似文献
987.
Cecilia Castaño Juan Martín Susana Vázquez José Luis Martínez 《Revue Internationale du Travail》2010,149(3):375-394
Les auteurs présentent les résultats d'une étude sur les caractéristiques personnelles et les qualifications d'hommes et de femmes assumant des fonctions de direction dans des entreprises espagnoles, leur situation professionnelle et leur point de vue sur l'égalité des sexes. Par rapport à leurs homologues masculins, les Espagnoles occupant des postes à responsabilités sont plus jeunes mais aussi qualifiées, voire plus, et elles ont moins d'enfants. Cependant, elles sont toujours confrontées à des obstacles qui empěchent la pleine exploitation d'un capital humain précieux. Malgré les mesures adoptées, plus de neuf postes de décision sur dix sont toujours occupés par des hommes. 相似文献
988.
989.
Managerial dominance and audit committee independence in Spanish corporate governance 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Emiliano Ruiz-Barbadillo Estíbaliz Biedma-López Nieves Gómez-Aguilar 《Journal of Management and Governance》2007,11(4):311-352
The purpose of this paper is to analyse whether the independence of audit committees is affected by the degree of control
exerted by managers over the board of directors. Results from a sample of 75 listed Spanish companies show that the majority
of firms that voluntarily adopted an audit committee between 1998 and 2001, made an effort to guarantee their independence
from management. The degree of independence is shown to be determined by the proportion of inside directors on the board,
the same person holding both the CEO and board chairperson positions, and the level of management ownership. These findings
may have political implications because existing regulations do not limit the presence of inside directors on audit committees.
The presence of inside directors may compromise effectiveness, turning audit committees into instruments of management to
provide the appearance of monitoring.
Emiliano Ruiz-Barbadillo is Professor of Accounting and Auditing in the Department of Business Economy, University of Cádiz. His current research interests are in the area of auditor independence, audit regulation, corporate governance and audit committee. He has experience with teaching Ph.D. courses on boards and governance. Estíbaliz Biedma-López is a lecturer in the Department of Business Economy, University Pablo de Olavide. Her research interests are in the area of audit committee, corporate governance and audit quality. Nieves Gómez-Aguilar is an Assistant Professor of Accounting and Auditing in the Department of Business Economy, University of Cádiz. Current topics of his research are auditor independence, audit committee and audit quality. 相似文献
Emiliano Ruiz-BarbadilloEmail: |
Emiliano Ruiz-Barbadillo is Professor of Accounting and Auditing in the Department of Business Economy, University of Cádiz. His current research interests are in the area of auditor independence, audit regulation, corporate governance and audit committee. He has experience with teaching Ph.D. courses on boards and governance. Estíbaliz Biedma-López is a lecturer in the Department of Business Economy, University Pablo de Olavide. Her research interests are in the area of audit committee, corporate governance and audit quality. Nieves Gómez-Aguilar is an Assistant Professor of Accounting and Auditing in the Department of Business Economy, University of Cádiz. Current topics of his research are auditor independence, audit committee and audit quality. 相似文献
990.
Magali Natalia Alloatti Ana Luíza Matos de Oliveira 《Gender, Work and Organization》2023,30(1):329-344
Shaped by inconsistent policy decisions, the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil has made structural gender and racial inequalities more acute. Black and low-income women are overburdened with unpaid domestic work, increased domestic violence, and more vulnerable due to informal and exploitative working regimes. These structural aspects are intensifying, since the pandemic has broadened inequalities at the intersection of gender, race, labor market, and social class. We examine pre- and during pandemic inequalities on three dimensions: (a) unpaid domestic and care work, (b) women's labor market participation, and (c) domestic violence. We link the care diamond model and racial stratification forwarding a feminist perspective by examining how the interlocking of race and gender in Brazil renders different socioeconomic dynamics to the detriment of Black and low-income women. Based on this evidence, we stress that a more equal future requires a better social protection and policies targeting the articulation of gender, race, and class. 相似文献