The Asking Rules of Reciprocity in Networks of Care for Children

This article enumerates those unspoken but observed conventions, the asking rules, by which people abide when they are engaged in relations of give and take. By studying networks that employed parents construct to help them care for and raise their school-age children, this article analyzes the dynamics of reciprocity. It explores a distinction in Gouldner's theory between status obligation and normative reciprocity. Based on the evidence, the article argues that kinship status and class location shape the ways that asking rules are interpreted and invoked.     

Mean-preserving changes in risk with tail-dominance

In this paper, we consider a class of mean preserving increases in risk such that all risk-averse decision makers respond to an increase in risk by reducing the level of their risky activities. The type of increase in risk that we consider is based on the notion of tail dominance which generalizes other cases previously discussed in the literature.L. Eeckhoudt is Professor of Economics at the Catholic Faculties of Mons (Belgium) and Lille (France). P. Hansen is Professor of Operations Research at Ecole des Hautes Etudes Commerciales, Montréal. Both authors have benefited from comments by P. Caperaa, G. Dionne, J. Meyer and H. Varian. They also thank A. Coopman who carefully reviewed and improved the English style.     

Personality predictors of career exploration: A meta-analysis

In this meta-analysis, correlations of personality traits and career decision-making self-efficacy with self and environmental career exploration were estimated across 71 samples and a pairwise sample of 19,846. Traits included the Big Five personality traits, shyness, locus of control, vocational decision styles, and stress. Many measures of career exploration were based on scores of self and environmental exploration on the Career Exploration Survey. Results varied by characteristics with the largest effects for locus of control, vocational decision style: thinking-feeling and self-efficacy. Environmental exploration and self-exploration were moderately correlated and demonstrated different relations with traits that were consistent with theory. Self-exploration was related to openness to experience and unrelated to extraversion, while environmental exploration was correlated with extraversion. Both were similarly correlated with conscientiousness such that conscientious individuals were more likely to engage in career exploration.