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171.
Do Young Children's Representations of Discipline and Empathy Moderate the Effects of Punishment on Emotion Regulation?
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Young‐Eun Lee Holly E. Brophy‐Herb Claire D. Vallotton Robert J. Griffore John S. Carlson JoAnn L. Robinson 《Social Development》2016,25(1):120-138
This study examined whether children's representations of parenting (perceptions of authoritative discipline and empathy) moderated the association between harsh punishment—including corporal punishment (CP) and verbal punishment (VP)—and children's emotion regulation at the age of five years. Participants were 559 low‐income mother‐child dyads. Maternal self‐reports and home observations were used to measure punishment. Children's representations were assessed using the MacArthur Story Stem Battery. Children's emotion regulation was assessed by observer rating via the Leiter International Performance Scale–Revised. Hierarchical multiple regressions revealed that children's authoritative disciplinary representations moderated the effects of both VP and CP on children's emotion regulation. Empathic representations moderated the effects of VP only on children's emotion regulation. The current findings highlight the role of children's internal representations as potential protective factors in the context of harsher forms of punishment. 相似文献
172.
This study extends the findings that young infants prefer prosocial to antisocial others (Hamlin & Wynn, Cognitive Development 2011, 26, 30; Hamlin, Wynn, & Bloom, Nature 2007, 450, 557) to older infants (12–24 and 24–36 months) with a novel display. We presented infants with short cartoons in which a character (the “Protoganist”) engaged in a ball play with two others, one acting prosocially (the “Giver”), and the other antisocially (the “Keeper”). Afterward, infants were presented with the Giver and the Keeper characters and encouraged to reach for the one of their choices. We found that infants exhibited robust choice for the Giver. In addition, infants' preference for the Giver persisted despite changes in facial features (dark skin, scrambled face). These findings provide further evidence for infant's preference for prosociality. 相似文献
173.
Parent–child negative emotion reciprocity and children's school success: An emotion‐attention process model
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Anat Moed Elizabeth T. Gershoff Nancy Eisenberg Claire Hofer Sandra Losoya Tracy L. Spinrad Jeffrey Liew 《Social Development》2017,26(3):560-574
Research has demonstrated that emotions expressed in parent–child relationships are associated with children's school success. Yet the types of emotional expressions, and the mechanisms by which emotional expressions are linked with children's success in school, are unclear. In the present article, we focused on negative emotion reciprocity in parent–child interactions. Using structural equation modeling of data from 138 parent to child dyads [children's mean age at Time 1 (T1) was 13.44 years, SD = 1.16], we tested children's negative emotionality (CNE) at T1 and low attention focusing (LAF) at Time 2 (T2) as sequential mediators in the relation between parent and child negative emotion reciprocity at T1 and children's grade point average (GPA) and inhibitory control at T2. Our findings supported an emotion‐attention process model: parent–child negative emotion reciprocity at T1 predicted CNE at T1, which predicted children's LAF at T2, which was, in turn, related to low inhibitory control at T2. Findings regarding children's GPA were less conclusive but did suggest an overall association of negative reciprocity and the two mediators with children's GPA. Our findings are discussed in terms of emotion regulation processes in children from negatively reciprocating dyads, and the effects of these processes on children's ability to obtain and use skills needed for success in school. 相似文献
174.
Howard Schuman Eleanor Singer Rebecca Donovan Claire Selltiz 《Social indicators research》1983,13(1):69-83
Survey techniques are combined with behavioral observations in this attempt to replicate a 1950 baseline study in order to examine trends in racial discrimination. In the 1950 study, treatment of black and white couples was compared in a sample of 62 restaurants drawn from a population of all restaurants in a large area of East Side Manhattan. In 1981 we carried out similar comparisons in a sample of 20 restaurants (plus four replications) drawn from the same area, following as closely as possible the procedures used in the baseline study. A substantial amount of discrimination was found in 1981, though somewhat less than in 1950. The difficult problems of determining when discrimination has and has not occurred are discussed from the standpoints of both black customers and social science investigators. 相似文献
175.
Healing from childhood sexual abuse: a theoretical model 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Draucker CB Martsolf DS Roller C Knapik G Ross R Stidham AW 《Journal of child sexual abuse》2011,20(4):435-466
Childhood sexual abuse is a prevalent social and health care problem. The processes by which individuals heal from childhood sexual abuse are not clearly understood. The purpose of this study was to develop a theoretical model to describe how adults heal from childhood sexual abuse. Community recruitment for an ongoing broader project on sexual violence throughout the lifespan, referred to as the Sexual Violence Study, yielded a subsample of 48 women and 47 men who had experienced childhood sexual abuse. During semistructured, open-ended interviews, they were asked to describe their experiences with healing from childhood sexual abuse and other victimization throughout their lives. Constructivist grounded theory methods were used with these data to develop constructs and hypotheses about healing. For the Sexual Violence Study, frameworks were developed to describe the participants' life patterns, parenting experiences, disclosures about sexual violence, spirituality, and altruism. Several analytic techniques were used to synthesize the findings of these frameworks to develop an overarching theoretical model that describes healing from childhood sexual abuse. The model includes four stages of healing, five domains of functioning, and six enabling factors that facilitate movement from one stage to the next. The findings indicate that healing is a complex and dynamic trajectory. The model can be used to alert clinicians to a variety of processes and enabling factors that facilitate healing in several domains and to guide discussions on important issues related to healing from childhood sexual abuse. 相似文献
176.
Preliminary data on the test criteria of the Chinese version of the Multidimensional Orientation Toward Dying and Death Inventory (MODDI-F/chin) are presented. Data from a sample of Hong Kong college students (N = 256) revealed internal consistencies of the eight subtests between .68 and .91, on the whole favorable shape of frequency distributions, and evidence of construct as well as differential validity of the instrument. The use of the full set of 47 items is recommended for the time being. 相似文献
177.
Eahab?Elsaid Wallace?N.?Davidson IIIEmail author Xiaoxin?Wang 《Journal of Management and Governance》2011,15(2):187-205
We propose that outside CEO candidates will have greater bargaining power than insiders. As a result, outside CEO successors
will likely receive greater total compensation than inside CEO successors. Outside successors, meantime, pose more risk to
the hiring firm than inside successors due to higher information asymmetry. As a result, outside successor compensation packages
are tilted towards more performance-related pay-at-risk, while inside successor packages have a higher percentage in salary.
In addition, outside successors may want to utilize the structure of their compensation at their previous firm in their new
contracts. Using a sample of 99 firms with outside successors who were not CEO in their prior firms, matched by industry and
size to firms that hired inside candidates, we find evidence supporting these hypotheses. 相似文献
178.
179.
This paper proposes a new measure for the insurance value of a cost of living escalator (Cola) — theex ante uncertainty of real wages over the life of the contract. We use a sample of 3,224 U.S. collective bargaining agreements to
find that indexation lowers and large contract duration raises this uncertainty. The positive association of Colas and contract
length implies that when workers obtain a Cola, a portion of itsceteris paribus insurance value is diminished through the resulting longer contract length. 相似文献
180.
Data from a national sample of 500 to 600 U.S. cities with over 25,000 in population indicated that the practice of police
collective bargaining has a positive, strong association with fringe benefits (measured by city contributions for police retirement
and insurance benefits per police officer). The availability of arbitration, however, seems to have little or no influence
on the dollar amount of police fringes, and neither the current nor the prior use of arbitration (i.e., actually receiving
an arbitration award) has any consistent association with police fringes. The results indicate that collective bargaining
and regional location influence the level of police fringes more than do other variables.
We are grateful to Steve Kawakami, Mark Phillips, Joe Schimansky, and Dick Williams for some excellent research assistance.
We are also grateful to the National Institute of Justice of the U.S. Department of Justice for financially supporting this
research. Such support does not mean that the Institute or Department necessarily agrees with our methods or conclusions. 相似文献