从认知角度看语言结构象似性

认知语言学的哲学基础是体验哲学,强调人的体验在认知和语言中的重要作用.在此基础上,认知语言学认为语言符号是有理据的,即语言符号具有象似性.象似性体现在语言的不同层面上.在句法层面上,主要表现为距离象似性、顺序象似性、数量象似性和标记象似性.     

高校管理人员绩效考核若干问题及对策研究

高校管理人员绩效考核是高校分配制度改革的重要组成部分,本文就高校管理人员的绩效考核的意义、存在的问题以及解决问题的对策进行了探讨。     

Perimeter-area ratio effects of urbanization intensity on forest characteristics,landscape patterns and their associations in Harbin City,Northeast China

To maximize the ecological services of urban forests, a better understanding of the effects of urbanization on urban forest characteristics, landscape metrics, and their associations is needed for landscape-related regulations in space-limited green infrastructure of metropolitan regions. In this study, Harbin, a typical fast-growing provincial-capital city in Northeast China, is used as a case study. Based on remote sensing images, field surveys, and correlation and variation partitioning analyses, we conclude that landscape characteristics and forest attributes have large variations among different urbanization intensity (UI) regions. Forest patch density (PD), landscape shape index, woody plants species richness, and the Shannon–Wiener index (H′) increased linearly, while stem section area and tree height decreased linearly with the increasing of UIs. UI had a greater influence on tree size and forest community attributes than the forest landscape pattern. Accordingly, any landscape regulation on forest attributes should be implemented according to UIs. In addition, Euclidean nearest neighbor distance(ENN-MN), mean perimeter-area ratio (PARA-MN), fractal dimension index(FRAC-MN), and PD could probably indicate forest attributes the most, e.g., the increase of PARA-MN may be accompanied with taller trees in low and heavy UI regions, but lower woody plants species evenness in low and medium UI regions. More diversified woody plants species, and afforested areas should be advocated in a low UI region, while in a heavy UI region, the conservation of large trees should be implemented. Our results highlight that the implementation of urban forest management should vary according to different urbanization regions to maximize ecological services.

     

中西合璧:金庸小说艺术创作特色

金庸小说的艺术创作不但有中国传统文化的典型体现,还受到西方文艺的深刻影响.而其描写的复仇情节,则是西方文艺的思想元素和表现形式,与中国传统小说写作手法融会贯通,极大地提高了小说的思想性和可读性.     

民族、语言和宗教——解读《一个青年艺术家的画像》的三个关键词

詹姆斯.乔伊斯的长篇小说《一个青年艺术家的画像》表现了作者鲜明的民族观、语言观、宗教观及其反殖民主义的态度和立场。在乔伊斯看来,爱尔兰的落后与苦难不能单方面归咎于英国殖民政策,同时必须反思爱尔兰自身的堕落。正是这种强烈的民族意识与深刻的反思精神,才使得他能够最终走向世界主义,在自我流放的文化之旅中完成一位民族作家的文化使命。     

少数民族地区水电移民安置的特殊性问题——来自四川少数民族移民的调查

西部水电资源的开发使少数民族移民问题日益突出,政策与实践的不匹配集中体现了现行政策框架未充分考虑少数民族的特殊性。目前水电移民研究多集中于移民安置补偿、扶持政策、利益分配等一般理论与实践层次,尚缺乏针对少数民族地区水电移民特殊性的深入研究。本文欲通过对少数民族地区水电移民安置特殊性问题的分析及探讨,旨在探求适应其发展的相应政策和途径,真正实现少数民族地区资源、人和社会的和谐发展,从而促进我国西部水电资源的可持续开发。     

THE OPTIMAL DEFENSE OF NETWORKS OF TARGETS

This paper examines a game‐theoretic model of attack and defense of multiple networks of targets in which there exist intranetwork strategic complementarities among targets. The defender's objective is to successfully defend all the networks and the attacker's objective is to successfully attack at least one network of targets. Although there are multiple equilibria, we characterize correlation structures in the allocations of forces across targets that arise in all equilibria. For example, in all equilibria the attacker utilizes a stochastic “guerrilla warfare” strategy in which a single random network is attacked. (JEL C72, D74)     

Trends in bird species richness,abundance and biomass along a tropical urbanization gradient

Impacts of urbanization on biodiversity are commonly studied using urbanization gradients which provide a space-for-time substitution in estimating consequences of urban expansion. Rates of urbanization and human population growth are high in tropical countries of the developing world, which also hold most of the world’s biodiversity hot-spots, yet few studies have considered biodiversity trends along urban gradients in these regions. Bird communities across a gradient of nine sites in Uganda, from the city centre of Kampala to outlying rural locations, were studied over a six year period. These sites were ordered along an urbanization gradient using Principle Components Analysis based on habitat variables estimated at each site. Bird species richness showed a decrease from rural to urban sites, a trend especially evident in forest birds. There was no clear pattern in total abundance, total biomass or biomass per individual along the gradient. However, this latter result was heavily influenced by a colony of Marabou Storks at one site. When this species was omitted, there was evidence of a positive trend with urbanization, showing that as species richness decreased, the bird community was increasingly dominated by larger species with increasing urbanization, which were mainly scavengers able to exploit human refuse. These results provide further support for the negative impacts of urbanization on species richness, but also demonstrate trends in abundance and biomass are variable across different regions. In particular, the increasing dominance of larger species in urban areas may be relevant to certain geographic and/or socioeconomic contexts.     

The Methuselah Effect: The Pernicious Impact of Unreported Deaths on Old-Age Mortality Estimates

We examine inferences about old-age mortality that arise when researchers use survey data matched to death records. We show that even small rates of failure to match respondents can lead to substantial bias in the measurement of mortality rates at older ages. This type of measurement error is consequential for three strands in the demographic literature: (1) the deceleration in mortality rates at old ages; (2) the black-white mortality crossover; and (3) the relatively low rate of old-age mortality among Hispanics, often called the “Hispanic paradox.” Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Older Men matched to death records in both the U.S. Vital Statistics system and the Social Security Death Index, we demonstrate that even small rates of missing mortality matching plausibly lead to an appearance of mortality deceleration when none exists and can generate a spurious black-white mortality crossover. We confirm these findings using data from the National Health Interview Survey matched to the U.S. Vital Statistics system, a data set known as the “gold standard” (Cowper et al. 2002) for estimating age-specific mortality. Moreover, with these data, we show that the Hispanic paradox is also plausibly explained by a similar undercount.     

Women’s attitudes towards the medicalization of childbirth and their associations with planned and actual modes of birth

Problem

Rates of medical interventions in childbirth have greatly increased in the Western world.