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101.
Nicole Baumann Julia Jaekel Linda Breeman Peter Bartmann Josef G. Buml Mihai Avram Christian Sorg Dieter Wolke 《Infancy》2019,24(5):768-786
Regulatory problems in infancy and toddlerhood have previously been associated with an increased risk of developing attention problems in childhood. We hypothesized that early regulatory problems are associated with attention problems via reduced inhibitory control. This prospective study assessed 1,459 children from birth to 8 years. Crying, feeding, and sleeping problems were assessed at 5 and 20 months via parent interviews and neurological examinations. At 20 months, inhibitory control was tested with a behavioral (snack delay) task. Attention regulation was assessed at 6 and 8 years using multiple instruments and informants. Detrimental effects of crying, feeding, and sleeping problems on attention regulation were partly mediated by children's ability to inhibit unwanted behaviors (β = ?0.04, p = 0.013). Accounting for cognition diminished this indirect effect (β = ?0.01, p = 0.209). Instead, the effects of crying, feeding, and sleeping problems on attention regulation were fully mediated by children's cognitive functioning (β = ?0.10, p < 0.001). These results support that inhibitory control abilities partly mediate effects of crying, feeding, and sleeping problems. However, these effects may be accounted for by children's general cognitive abilities. Early regulatory problems may set infants on a course of under control of behavior into school age, and such trajectories are highly associated with general cognitive development. 相似文献
102.
Georg von Schnurbein 《Nonprofit management & leadership》2009,20(1):97-115
Most research on the governance of nonprofit organizations concentrates on welfare‐oriented organizations and disregards other types of nonprofits. This article examines the governance structures of trade associations and unions as a special type of nonprofit organization. Analysis is based on a qualitative case study survey of thirty Swiss trade associations. The results distinguish four categories of governance: satellite governance, delegate governance, executive governance, and inner‐circle governance. 相似文献
103.
This paper contests the major emphasis placed on the multidimensional nature of poverty measurement. Instead, it argues that
poverty pictures created by different measures and at different units of analysis tend to converge. This argument is derived
from a comparison of poverty pictures created using income and asset-based measures at the national and household level in
five South African Development Community countries. Although multidimensional measures have value in illuminating subtle differences,
the findings indicate a single dimension of poverty that runs throughout all the measures and levels of analysis. However,
despite the single poverty picture provided by different measures, the abandonment of these different measures is not supported.
Multidimensional measures provide insight into particular elements of poverty that is useful and relevant to poverty interventions. 相似文献
104.
105.
Tatjana von Rosen 《统计学通讯:理论与方法》2020,49(13):3286-3297
AbstractSmall area estimation techniques have got a lot of attention during the last decades due to their important applications in survey studies. Mixed linear models and reduced rank regression analysis are jointly used when considering small area estimation. Estimates of parameters are presented as well as prediction of random effects and unobserved area measurements. 相似文献
106.
This study examined what lay people mean when they judge the "risk" of activities that involve the potential for accidental fatalities (e.g., hang gliding, living near a nuclear reactor). A sample of German and American students rated the "overall risk" of 14 such activities and provided 3 fatality estimates: the number of fatalities in an "average year," the individual yearly fatality probability (or odds), and the number of fatalities in a "disastrous accident." Subjects' fatality estimates were reasonably accurate and only moderately influenced by attitudes towards nuclear energy. Individual fatality probability correlated most highly with intuitive risk ratings. Disaster estimates correlated positively with risk ratings for those activities that had a low fatality probability and a relatively high disaster potential. Annual average fatality rates did not correlate with risk ratings at all. These findings were interpreted in terms of a two-dimensional cognitive structure. Subjective notions of risk were determined primarily by the personal chance of death; for some activities, "disaster potential" played a secondary role in shaping risk perception. 相似文献
107.
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109.
Taylor CS Lerner RM von Eye A Balsano AB Dowling EM Anderson PM Bobek DL Bjelobrk D 《New directions for youth development》2002,(95):57-72
The Search Institute framework for conceptualizing developmental assets was used in a longitudinal study of African American male youth involved in gangs or in community-based organizations (CBOs) serving youth. Analyses of intraindividual change indicated that individual and ecological assets are linked to positive developmental trajectories among these youth. 相似文献
110.