Rural-urban mortality in developing countries: An index for detecting rural underregistration

This study begins with a brief analysis of past and present urban-rural mortality in those countries which are presently considered to be developed. The same analysis centers in developing countries, for it is thought that their rural mortality should be greater than their urban mortality. Since available statistics generally show the contrary, a way is presented for constructing possible means of sub-registering vital statistics in some areas of these countries. The index would vary to agree with the system of the registry of vital statistics in a given area. Mexico is used as an example-the result of constructing and analyzing the index is to show in which areas there should be a subregistry of deaths. Finally, the cases of India and Taiwan are analyzed in order to confirm the hypothesis that in developing countries there will be a higher mortality rate in. rural than in urban areas.     

新世纪管理与组织研究面临的挑战

近一个世纪来,管理理论和组织学研究促进了一系列根本性改变的表述,使得管理者们在其职业生涯中必须大量地学习、学习、再学习。人们会认为,在大学商学院里,应该是组织学研究者们而不是其他领域的专家,引导着适应变化环境的新范式的发展。然而,本文将指出组织学范式的研究与经营实践迄今为止基本上是相互分离的。本文还将详细说明,尽管存在着这种分离,经营范式文献对组织学研究和引导它的理论范式还是产生了相当大的影响,特别是在这个“实用知识”越来越受重视的年代。     

A flexible particle Markov chain Monte Carlo method

Particle Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods are used to carry out inference in nonlinear and non-Gaussian state space models, where the posterior density of the states is approximated using particles. Current approaches usually perform Bayesian inference using either a particle marginal Metropolis–Hastings (PMMH) algorithm or a particle Gibbs (PG) sampler. This paper shows how the two ways of generating variables mentioned above can be combined in a flexible manner to give sampling schemes that converge to a desired target distribution. The advantage of our approach is that the sampling scheme can be tailored to obtain good results for different applications. For example, when some parameters and the states are highly correlated, such parameters can be generated using PMMH, while all other parameters are generated using PG because it is easier to obtain good proposals for the parameters within the PG framework. We derive some convergence properties of our sampling scheme and also investigate its performance empirically by applying it to univariate and multivariate stochastic volatility models and comparing it to other PMCMC methods proposed in the literature.     

The Socioemotional Well-Being Index (SEWBI): Theoretical Framework and Empirical Operationalisation

This article presents the design, process of construction, content and validation of the Socioemotional Well-Being Index. This index is a composite indicator of subjective well-being, and has been designed with the aim of providing a measurement device for the sociological analysis of the subjective components of quality of life and social quality. Two spheres of knowledge have been combined in its construction: research in social indicators, the recent development of which has been oriented toward the elaboration of composite indicators, and the theoretical content developed in recent decades by the sociology of emotions. As a composite indicator, the index presented in this article offers a hierarchical and multidimensional alternative to the univariate scales measuring happiness and satisfaction most often used in social research. In addition, in comparison to measures of subjective well-being grounded in cognitive evaluations, this index is based on the evaluation of a series of emotional states recently experienced by individuals. The conceptual definition of socioemotional well-being is based on Thomas Kemper’s social interactional theory of emotions and Randall Collins’ theory of interaction ritual chains. A “4 factor, 10 variable” solution has been obtained by applying common factor analysis to the data of the European Social Survey, 2006.     

A Note on Bias of Closed-Form Estimators for the Gamma Distribution Derived From Likelihood Equations

We discuss here an alternative approach for decreasing the bias of the closed-form estimators for the gamma distribution recently proposed by Ye and Chen in 2017. We show that, the new estimator has also closed-form expression, is positive, and can be computed for n?>?2. Moreover, the corrective approach returns better estimates when compared with the former ones.     

Being Mapuche today in Chile: judgement criteria for ethnic identification among the new generation

This study seeks to identify the underlying factors that sustain ethnic identification judgements – in this case regarding the Mapuche ethnic group – elaborated by a sample of Chilean young people who live in the Santiago metropolitan region. To this end a factorial survey method was used, incorporating quasi-experimental vignettes, which demonstrate social and individual determinants of human judgements. The results show that both self-identification as Mapuche and last name – particularly the paternal surname – are the criteria considered most relevant to inform judgements about ethnic identity. It is clear that there is a complex idea about what it means to be Mapuche today among young people in Chile, combining both subjective and objective factors. This conjunction shows the narrowness of the constructivist and essentialist proposals for understanding ethnicity.     

Negotiating Partnerships in Research on Poverty With Community-Based Agencies

This article argues that researchers must negotiate true partnerships with poor women, maintain mutual support systems, and build mutual respect, if they are to have success in challenging poverty through research. The experience of establishing partnerships with community-based agencies is discussed and the rationale for including poor women in partnerships is considered in terms of the benefits and the challenges for researchers. Among the critical issues are problems of difference, including ethnicity, social class, and gender and relationships between researchers and participants. These issues are highlighted using two examples. A negative outcome from noncollaboration is represented by the case of an after-school program in an inner-city school. The failure to establish collaboration leads to disappointing results. A successful case is described by the cooperative efforts between researchers and poor women in a program for substance abuse. Several strategies and recommendations are offered in conclusion.