Erratum

The online version of the original article can be found at     

深层和平与友爱世界主义——重塑南原和平公共哲学

本文以战后日本思想家南原繁的哲学理念为公共哲学的基础,从"深层和平"与"友爱世界主义"两个角度探讨了现代关于和平的公共哲学的可能性问题。本文也是作者基于社群主义思想对和平的公共哲学进行的深入探讨。     

The species-area relation II. A second model for continuous sampling

Summary A second mathematical model describing the species-area relation was proposed for continuous expanding of sample area. This model is expressed asS=λ ln(1+x/E) whereS is the number of species occurring in an areax, and λ andE are the constants termedspecific diversity andelemental area respectively. As a result of testing the validity of the model for several sets of data, it was shown that the above equation would provide an adequate fit to a group of species belonging to a single synusia which exists in an open habitat. The ecological implications of parameters involved were discussed and the characteristic area presented previously (Kobayashi, 1974) was defined in terms ofE. The relation between results obtained by discrete sampling and continuous sampling was examined and the possibility of converting one to another was suggested. Contribution from the Laboratory of Applied Zoology, Yamagata University, No. 79.     

Influence of parental density on the distribution pattern of eggs in the common cabbage butterfly,Pieris rapae crucivora

Summary To investigate the relation between the distribution pattern of eggs and the parental density in the common cabbage butterfly,Pieris rapae crucivora, the countings of egg number per plant were made on both cabbage plants cultivated in the farm and planted in the net house in which the female butterflies were released at various densities. The frequency distribution of eggs fits well to the negative binomial excepting the cases where they agree withPoisson series, and the degree of aggregation expressed as the reciprocal of the parameter, 1/k, tends to decrease as the egg or parental density increases. At the same parental density, however, the distribution of eggs can be described by the negative binomial with a common parameter,k _c, regardless of the difference in the density of laid eggs. In the case where a single female butterfly lays eggs, the spatial pattern of egg distribution is always lean, while its frequencies conform toPoisson or the negative binomial series. This lean changes toward patchy with increasing the parental density. From these results, it is concluded that the degree of aggregation in the distribution of eggs decreases with the increase of the parental density.     

Empirical geodesic graphs and CAT(k) metrics for data analysis

Statistics and Computing - A methodology is developed for data analysis based on empirically constructed geodesic metric spaces. For a probability distribution, the length along a path between two...     

Brief psychotherapy with children and adolescents: A developmental perspective

There are factors inherent in the developmental process that make brief therapy a particularly viable intervention for infants, children, adolescents and young adults. A more explicit examination of developmental principles can provide a foundation for better understanding the potential and the efficacy of brief psychotherapy for patients in these age ranges. A case example illustrates these ideas.Clinical Social Worker, Student Counseling and Resource Service, University of Chicago; and in private practice in Chicago.     

Contingencies in Mother–Child Teaching Interactions and Behavioral Regulation and Dysregulation in Early Childhood

Predictable patterns in early parent–child interactions may help lay the foundation for how children learn to self‐regulate. The present study examined contingencies between maternal teaching and directives and child compliance in mother–child problem‐solving interactions at age 3.5 and whether they predicted children's behavioral regulation and dysregulation (inhibitory control and externalizing behaviors) as rated by mothers, fathers, and teachers at a four‐month follow‐up (N = 100). The predictive utility of mother‐ and child‐initiated contingencies was also compared with that of frequencies of individual mother and child behaviors. Structural equation models revealed that a higher probability that maternal directives were followed by child compliance predicted better child behavioral regulation, whereas the reverse pattern and the overall frequency of maternal directives did not. For teaching, stronger mother‐ and child‐initiated contingencies and the overall frequency of maternal teaching all showed evidence for predicting better behavioral regulation. Findings depended on which caregiver was rating child outcomes. We conclude that dyadic measures are useful for understanding how parent–child interactions impact children's burgeoning regulatory abilities in early childhood.     

Gerrymandering in a hierarchical legislature

Theory and Decision - We build a multiple hierarchical model of a representative democracy in which citizens elect ward representatives, ward representatives elect county representatives, county...