What goes around comes around: How meso-level negative emotional contagion can ultimately determine organizational attitudes toward leaders

We present a follower-centric model of leadership that integrates multiple levels of analysis, and includes emotional contagion as a key meso-level process. In our model, leadership at the individual level is manifested in terms of the leader's favoritism toward members and affective displays. Drawing upon affective events theory, we argue that member perceptions of a leader's behaviors and member attributions of insincerity result in negative emotions. Through a process of emotional contagion, the negative emotions then spread to other individuals in the group. These are in turn reflected in the group's affective climate and trust climate, and also in the quality of leader-member and team-member relationships. In the end, this results in organizational-level disapproval of the leader and cynicism towards the leader. Included as moderators in the model are task interdependence, the temporal context, reward systems, emotional labor requirements, organizational culture, and power distance. We conclude with a discussion of boundary conditions, and implications of our model for research, theory, and practice.     

Validity of the Cognitive Style Index: Replication and Extension

Allinson and Hayes (1996) in the reporting of a new measure, the Cognitive Style Index , made a plea for replication and extension of their work. Using a sample of over one thousand subjects the present study investigated the CSI Õs construct and concurrent validity. A maximum likelihood factor analysis obtained broadly similar results to those of Allinson and Hayes. No relationship was observed between the CSI and an alternative measure of style (the Cognitive Styles Analysis ). It is argued that cognitive style is independent of gender but that style is related to job level (lower scores were associated with increased seniority). Some evidence was presented which suggests there may be differences in cognitive style between Hong Kong and UK small business owner managers     

西方环境伦理学在非西方国家中的地位：西方面对东方

西方环境伦理学的历史及西方自然美学的变化风景园林受中国园林影响的例子,说明西方环境伦理观在特定文化下只有通过内化的方式才能被当地文化所接受。西方环境伦理学存在着三个最富争议的问题,即人类中心主义与非人类中心主义的区别,内在价值的理念及自然权力的概念;非西方国家在通过内化西方环境伦理学时应避免陷入对以上问题的争议。西方环境伦理学对东方只具有相对的借鉴意义,要想在特定文化下创造出一个被广泛接受的新的环境伦理,除了对西方环境伦理的吸收、消化外,还需创造出适应当地人及文化的环境伦理话语;东西方应以不同的方式创造各自的环境伦理学。     

Race and Redistricting: What the Print Media Conveys to the Public about the Role of Race

In a series of voting rights cases, the U.S. Supreme Court held that race-based redistricting, particularly the intentional formation of majority–minority districts (districts in which voters of color constitute a majority of eligible voters) may be unconstitutional if race was the predominant factor in the formation of the district. The Court stated that "redistricting legislation that is so bizarre on its face that it is unexplainable on grounds other than race" may violate the Constitution because of the messages such districts send to the public ( Shaw v. Reno , 1993 ). Yet neither the Court nor social scientists have examined whether the existence of race-conscious majority–minority districts sends messages to voters and what the nature of these messages may be. This research begins to address this scientific issue. In a quantitative content analysis, we examined messages about racial redistricting conveyed to citizens via the print media. Our sample consisted of 355 newspaper articles about redistricting included in the Lexis–Nexis database between 1990 and 2005. We found that newspaper coverage of racial districting contains messages to citizens about the motives involved in redistricting, the individuals and groups who are responsible for it, and its actual and expected effects. This finding is consistent with the Supreme Court's assumption that districts, particularly bizarrely shaped ones, convey distinct messages to voters. The specific messages communicated varied in important ways across the articles. Newspapers in states subject to Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act because of their history of discrimination against voters of color covered racial redistricting differently than states not subject to Section 5. We discuss the legal and theoretical implications of these findings for understanding the role of race in legislative redistricting efforts.     

DIRECT SUPERVISION: ADDING COMPUTER-ASSISTED FEEDBACK AND DATA CAPTURE TO LIVE SUPERVISION

This is a critical review of live supervision with emphasis on technical innovations such as earphones or bug-in-the-ear, Teleprompters, and computers. A computer-assisted approach is described that overcomes many criticisms of live supervision. Direct supervision uses a computer monitor to unobtrusively provide information to the therapist about the supervisor's perceptions of the clients' and therapist's behavior, the expected therapeutic behaviors, and the therapist's "on target" behavior. Direct supervision has the advantage over other forms of supervision by providing an immediate, continuous, and permanent record for postsession supervision and for research into the supervisor-therapist-client process. The paper provides several suggestions for research.     

Mind Matters

The conceit that either mind is reducible to matter or that mind is utterly ethereal is rooted in a mind‐versus‐matter dichotomy that can be characterized as the modern error, a fatally flawed fallacy rooted in the philosophy and culture of nominalism. A Peircean semiotic outlook, applied to an understanding of social life, provides a new and full‐bodied understanding of semiosis as the bridge between mind and matter, and human biology and culture. I begin by first delineating the false divide and showing Charles Sanders Peirce's alternative to it, then explore the implications of a semiotic approach to mind as transaction, then consider the self‐transcending nature of the human body‐mind. Finally I outline my ecological, biosemiotic account of mind, which reveals that, indeed, mind matters, and in ways that unexpectedly resemble the forms of animism that characterized the hunting‐gathering foragers through whom we anatomically modern humans emerged.     

Bridging 1990 and 2000 census race data: Fractional assignment of multiracial populations

In contrast to previous censuses, Census 2000 permitted individuals to mark more than one race. Because the new race tables include both single-race and mixed-race categories, measuring change during the 1990s requires some method of bridging between the two data sets.To accomplish this bridging, we first identified biracial populations as of 1990 through the race and ancestry responses of individuals in the PUMS file. With race responses assumed to represent a person's primary race identity, we then determined the percentage of each biracial group that preferred each race as the primary identity. The same percentages can be used to assign biracial persons from Census 2000 into single-race categories. We also provide fractional assignment percentages for selected states and for the larger specific nationality groups of mixed-race Asians.Comparison of our 1990 estimates of the numbers in leading biracial groups with those reported in Census 2000 suggests that our fractional assignment values are reasonable for biracial groups other than those involving American Indians and Alaska Natives. For the latter biracial groups and for all groups representing three or more races, we recommend equal fractional assignment into the appropriate single-race categories.     

On multivariate confidence regions and simultaneous confidence limits for ratios

Convenient general linear model computational procedures are presented for constructing multivariate confidence regions and simultaneous confidence limits for ratios of linear combinations of the parameters. The practical consequence is that a single general linear model computer program, capable of validating the underlying model and estimating the parameters, can (after slight modification) also construct the confidence regions, and even determine their precise analytic form (ellipsoid, hyperboloid, etc.). The text is deliberately factual while the appendices extend and help clarify earlier work by Henry Scheffe. As an example, a confidence ellipse and simultaneous confidence limits are constructed for several relative potencies in a classical multiple parallel line bioassay.     

Incorporating support constraints into nonparametric estimators of densities

Let f_n ^? (x) be the usual Parzen-Rosenblatt kernel estimator of the pdf f of a random variable X based on a sample X₁,…,X_n from X.In many practical applications,it is knownt hat X>c and/or X<d for given constants c and d.Additionally, one might know the values of(c)and/or f(d).“mirrorimage”and“tieddown”modifications of f_n ^?incorporate this additional information into an estimator f_n which has support [c,d].This estimatoris interpreted in a manner which allows one to use most of the known convergence properties of kernel estimates in studying the behavior of f_n.