The terrible twos: How children cope with frustration and tantrums and the effect of maternal and paternal behaviors

Experimental Frustration Procedures with 158 children (15–39 months) of two-parent families were conducted, with each parent separately involved. We examined diverse characteristics of children's frustration and focused on specific behaviors of how children coped and parents supported them. In addition, external observers measured child attachment security (via Attachment Q Sort) toward the mother and the father during two home visits. Children with high attachment security became frustrated later and for a shorter time, and fathers, as compared to mothers, relieved these frustration patterns and reduced them. Although 22.2% children exhibited intense frustration responses up to tantrums, levels remained unaffected by child gender, but decreased with child age. Time-lag analyses revealed that children's self-comforting behaviors reduced frustration responses only by around 20%, but self-distracting (in younger children) and pretend-playing (in older children) by around 50% and 70%. Of the parent behaviors, demonstrating reduced children's frustration by up to 40% whereas distracting and reframing by around 60% (mothers) and 80% (fathers). In general, mothers tended to protect the child from distress, whereas fathers assisted the child in coping with frustration. However, if mothers soothed and fathers encouraged, children's frustration intensified.     

Silver economy: opportunities and challenges to Brazil adopt the European Union’s strategy

This paper deals with the construction of the silver economy (or the longevity economy) strategy in Brazil and its contribution to the economic development. The first and second parts of the paper summarize the international debate on the concept, mainly in the countries of the European Union. The third part approaches the focus on the ageing population in Brazil, still dominated by a pessimistic view. In the next section of the paper, the action opportunities for the longevity saving strategy in Brazil are exposed with summaries of some key sectors, according to the international literature on the silver economy. The income of the older people and the purchasing power of families with older adults are analysed in the following sections. In the conclusion, some recommended actions for building the silver economy strategy in Brazil is discussed.     

Places for Place‐Based Policy

Place‐based policy is both ubiquitous and widely criticised. The conventional economic case against place‐targeted interventions is strong, relegating its application to a narrow range of cases of immobile labour resources, market imperfections and/or other externalities. However, both internationally and domestically, equity considerations lead to policies and programmes for disadvantaged regions and their populations. Budget constraints and accountability suggest a selection or ‘triage’ process targeting places with the highest returns in contributing to social welfare. Furthermore, the challenges facing rural areas may be fundamentally different in developed from developing countries. This article proposes a framework for assessing places appropriate for place‐based policies, using the examples of Canada, Chile and Peru.     

A rational approach to pricing of catastrophe insurance

A methodology for rational pricing of catastrophe insurance is described. The methodology has two components: a solvency- and stability-based pricing framework, and an engine to quantify the loss variability that drives solvency and stability. Generalization to account for contagious effects of catastrophes and multiple occurrence of peril is presented in detail.     

Genetic tests in the insurance system: criteria for a moral evaluation

An increasing number of genetic tests are available as an early spin-off from human genetic research. Beyond their application in the context of medical diagnosis there are other possible domains of use: e.g. in the testing of individuals asking for life or health insurance. It is claimed that individuals with an increased genetic risk might have to pay higher premiums or, worse, might be unable to obtain insurance coverage at all. The main question discussed in this paper will be whether there is a right to health and/or life insurance coverage without prior genetic testing. The legal regulations of the use of genetic tests in the insurance system are various. While some countries in principle permit the use of (some) genetic tests for the calculation of actuarial risks, others banned genetic tests for non-medical uses; still other countries have not made any explicit provisions up to now. In the face of the attempted harmonisation of legal systems, as well as an increasing commercialisation of the international market for genetic tests, which neglects national borders, providing criteria for a moral evaluation of this issue appears to be a timely and urgent task. The view defended in this paper is that a right to health insurance without genetic testing is legitimised, insofar as health insurance belongs to the provision of elementary requirements, and insofar as the latter is everybody's moral right. On the other hand, it is implausible to postulate a right to life insurance without genetic testing – as long as life insurance is understood to be a part of one's provision of supplementary requirements.

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Zusammenfassung. Als frühes Beiprodukt humangenetischer Forschung stehen heute immer mehr genetische Tests zur Verfügung. über ihre Anwendung im Bereich medizinischer Diagnose hinaus gibt es weitere m?gliche Einsatzbereiche beispielsweise die überprüfung von Personen, die eine Lebens- oder Krankenversicherung abschlie?en m?chten. Es wird behauptet, dass Personen mit einem erh?hten genetischen Risiko m?glicherweise h?here Pr?mien zahlen müssen oder gar von solchem Versicherungsschutz ganz ausgeschlossen werden k?nnten. Die in diesem Beitrag diskutierte Hauptfrage ist, ob Personen, die sich keinem genetischen Test unterzogen haben, dennoch ein Recht auf Kranken- und/oder Lebensversicherung beanspruchen k?nnen. Es gibt eine Reihe gesetzlicher Regelungen zum Einsatz genetischer Tests im Bereich des Versicherungssystems. W?hrend die Anwendung (mancher) genetischer Tests zur Berechnung versicherungsmathematischer Risiken in manchen L?ndern grunds?tzlich erlaubt ist, ist sie in anderen verboten, sofern sie nichtmedizinischen Zwecken dient. In wieder anderen L?ndern existieren bis heute überhaupt noch keine expliziten Regelungen. Angesichts der Bemühungen zur Harmonisierung der Rechtssysteme und der zunehmenden Kommerzialisierung des internationalen Marktes für genetische Tests ohne Rücksicht auf nationale Grenzen, erscheint es dringend notwendig, Kriterien für eine Beurteilung dieses Problemkreises unter moralischen Gesichtspunkten bereitzustellen. Der in diesem Artikel vertretene Standpunkt ist, dass ein Recht auf Krankenversicherung ohne genetische Tests insofern legitimiert ist, als eine solche Versicherung zu den Grundbedürfnissen geh?rt, auf deren Erfüllung jeder Mensch einen moralischen Rechtsanspruch hat. Andererseits werde ich argumentieren, dass es nicht plausibel ist, ein Recht auf Lebensversicherung ohne genetische Tests zu postulieren, solange die Lebensversicherung als ein Mittel zur Erfüllung einer zus?tzlichen Versorgung angesehen wird.

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Résumé. L'un des premiers sous-produits de la recherche en génétique humaine a conduit à un nombre croissant de tests génétiques, tests maintenant disponibles. En dehors de l'application qu'ils trouvent dans le contexte du diagnostic médical, ces tests se voient utilisés dans bien d'autres domaines : l'un d'eux étant par exemple le testage des dispositions individuelles afin de pouvoir passer une assurance-vie ou une assurance-maladie. Des voix se sont élevées, demandant que les personnes avec un risque génétique accru auraient à payer des primes d'assurance plus élevées ou n'auraient même au pire plus du tout le droit de profiter de la protection offerte. La principale question soulevée dans ce papier sera de savoir s'il existe un droit de couverture des risques assurance-maladie et/ou assurance-vie sans passer par un testage génétique préalable. Les réglementations légales décidant de l'usage des tests génétiques dans les systèmes d'assurance sont très divergentes. Tandis que quelques pays permettent en principe de faire usage des tests génétiques (ou d'en utiliser seulement quelques uns) pour procéder au calcul des risques actuariels, d'autres en ont interdits les usages à but non médical; il existe également des pays où jusqu'à présent aucune disposition explicite n'a été prise. Compte tenu des tentatives entreprises pour harmoniser les systèmes légaux et compte tenu du fait qu'en se commercialisant de plus en plus le marché international pour les tests génétiques réduit toujours davantage le r?le joué par les frontières nationales, il s'avère urgent de trouver à temps des critères permettant de procéder à une évaluation morale de ce point litigieux. Le point de vue défendu dans ce papier est qu'un droit à une assurance-maladie sans testage génétique est légitimé dans la mesure où, comme mon argumentation le montrera, une assurance-maladie fait partie des droits élémentaires aux pensions de retraite et dans la mesure où ces dernières constituent pour chacun un droit moral. D'un autre c?té, j'invoquerai le fait qu'il n'est guère plausible de postuler un droit à une assurance-vie sans un testage génétique préalable – tant qu'une assurance-vie est comprise comme faisant partie des conditions supplémentaires exigées par les pensions de retraite.

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Electronic Publication     

Restricted generalized poisson regression model

The family of generalized Poisson distribution has been found useful in describing over-dispersed and under-dispersed count data. We propose the use of restricted generalized Poisson regression model to predict a response variable affected by one or more explanatory variables. Approximate tests for the adequacy of the model and the estimation of the parameters are considered. Restricted generalized Poisson regression model has been applied to an observed data set.     

Drivers of internationalization success: a conjoint choice experiment on German SME managers

Internationalization is a common growth strategy for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). However, SMEs face several challenges within the internationalization process. As SMEs are characterized by limited resources, managers are constantly involved in a decision-making process concerning the allocation of the SMEs’ resources. Therefore, internationalization can be understood as a complex, multidimensional decision process. Based on a set of 2244 internationalization decisions made by German SME managers, the present study examines how eight strategic and structural factors drive the perceived international success of SMEs. When applying conjoint choice analysis, the results suggest that especially equity financing in the internationalization process, an appropriate market selection as well as proactive motives, and a long-term scope can drive SMEs’ international success. Moreover, it becomes evident that strategic factors are more relevant for successful internationalization than structural factors.