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241.
242.
Some of the possible determinants of changes observed in welfare caseloads are analysed in this study. The paper attempts
to explain variations in welfare caseloads on the basis of four different factors: macroeconomic conditions, interactions
with other income maintenance programmes, changes in the programme's parameters and changes in the demographic structure.
Different models are tested by applying time series techniques. The data employed are of an administrative nature and cover
the whole period that the Madrid programme has been in operation. The results show that the effects of both unemployment and
institutional variables are strong and significant. Macroeconomic effects on caseloads could be offset or reinforced by changes
in unemployment protection and reforms of the programme's parameters. The significant effects found for the share of lone-parent
applicants also show that demographic shifts could shape the trends of welfare rolls regardless of the changes in unemployment
or the implementation of institutional reforms.
The authors would like to thank Juan Gabriel Rodríguez, Minoru Kunizaki, Miguel Angel Malo and three anonymous referees for
their comments and suggestions. Financial and technical support from the Spanish Institute for Fiscal Studies, the Inter-ministerial
Commission on Science and Technology (SEC 2001-0746) and the Social Services Department of the Madrid Government is also gratefully
acknowledged.
Responsible editor: Christian Dustmann. 相似文献
243.
244.
245.
This article explores why women delay childbearing and increase their likelihood to remain childless in Spain, Italy, West
Germany and France. We take a macro–micro perspective and show that national institutions influence women’s life transitions,
in particular partnership and motherhood. For coupled women, we find two alternative modes out of childlessness. In countries
with high direct and indirect child costs, like Spain and Italy, entering a male-breadwinner couple or occupying a stable
and high-income position facilitates motherhood, while in the French context motherhood is most likely in a dual-earner partnership.
相似文献
246.
In the course of the rapid growth in automated manufacturing systems automatic control devices become more and more widespread, especially in electronic industry. A survey in US industry performed 1987 by the American Society for Quality Control has shown that 85% of the organisations used screening procedures. In this paper the results of economic adjustment designs for x-control charts in v. Collani et al. (1989) are extended to the case that all of the produced items are subject to acceptance sampling. A simple algorithm is developed for determination of approximate optimal adjustment designs. 相似文献
247.
Summary MultiGaussian models have the intrinsic property of imposing very little continuity to extreme values. If the variable that
is being modeled is hydraulic conductivity and the processes being studied are groundwater flow and mass transport, the absence
of continuous paths of extreme values will have a retardation effect in the computed travel times. In the case of radionuclide
release of nuclear waste from a deep geological repository, underestimation of travel times may lead to unsafe decision making.
To demonstrate the impact of the low continuity of extreme value implicit to multiGaussian modes, travel times are computed
in a site similar to Finnsj?n-one of the sites in crystaline rock studied in Sweden-using two stochastic models with the same
histogram and covariance, one of them is multiGaussian, and the other is not and displays high connectivity of extreme high
values. The results show that the multiGaussian model leads to less conservative results than the non-multiGaussian one. Invoking
the parisimony principle to select a multiGaussian model as the simplest model that can be fully described by a mean value
and a covariance function should not be justification enough for such selection. If there is not enough data to characterize
the connectivity of the extreme values and therefore distriminate whether a multiGaussian model is appropriate or not, less
parismonious models must also be considered. 相似文献
248.
249.
Rastislav Bednárik Silvia Valna Jana Filipova Silvia Rybarova Zdenka Danekova 《Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research》1996,9(3):331-353
This article provides basic information about the transformation process in Slovakia from 1989 to 1994. Presented are some of the major results of the SOCO survey and selected important social topics are analyzed. Sociological information about income, property, consumption, and expenditures of Slovak households is given, and the economic activities of Slovak households and peoples’ attitudes to the transformation process are discussed. The article also addresses who are the winners and losers of the transition in the context of rising poverty and changes in social policy. 相似文献
250.
In a previous paper Gastwirth shows that a broad family of measures of inequality can be accurately estimated when the tax data are known in groups (more precisely, when we know the number of returns in each of several class intervals and their corresponding average income). In the present paper we show that some measures of the preceding family can be unbiasedly estimated when the tax data are individually known for a sample from the population. Specifically, we construct unbiased estimators of a particular measure of inequality in the samplings with and without replacement, and in the stratified samplings with and without replacement. 相似文献