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991.
Samuel Adams 《Public Organization Review》2011,11(3):237-253
Proponents of privatization claim that privatization can enhance efficiency, reduce public sector debt and consequently improve
overall economic performance. However, in many developing countries, and Africa in particular, the evidence is mixed. An exploratory
study is done from the perspective of citizens’ about the impact of privatization on the Ghanaian national economy. The findings
of the study suggest that: 1) the privatization program is pro rich; it benefits the economic and political elites more than
it benefits the nation as a whole; 2) there is a high level of corruption associated with the privatization process; and 3)
Privatization is not considered as one of the most important tools needed for national development, though the survey finds
that many respondents believe that there is the need for some reforms in the public sector to promote national development.
The results of the study indicate that administrative and political problems cannot be overcome simply by reducing the size
of the state bureaucracy, but rather making government more accountable in meeting the needs of its people. 相似文献
992.
In this paper, we study on-line scheduling problems on a batch machine with the assumption that all jobs have their processing times in [p, (1+φ)p], where p>0 and \(\phi=(\sqrt{5}-1)/2\). Jobs arrive over time. First, we deal with the on-line problem on a bounded batch machine with the objective to minimize makespan. A class of algorithms with competitive ratio \((\sqrt{5}+1)/2\) are given. Then we consider the scheduling on an unbounded batch machine to minimize the time by which all jobs have been delivered, and provide a class of on-line algorithms with competitive ratio \((\sqrt{5}+1)/2\). The two class of algorithms are optimal for the problems studied here. 相似文献
993.
Ivona Bezáková Nayantara Bhatnagar Dana Randall 《Journal of Combinatorial Optimization》2011,22(3):457-468
The problems of uniformly sampling and approximately counting contingency tables have been widely studied, but efficient solutions
are only known in special cases. One appealing approach is the Diaconis and Gangolli Markov chain which updates the entries
of a random 2×2 submatrix. This chain is known to be rapidly mixing for cell-bounded tables only when the cell bounds are
all 1 and the row and column sums are regular. We demonstrate that the chain can require exponential time to mix in the cell-bounded
case, even if we restrict to instances for which the state space is connected. Moreover, we show the chain can be slowly mixing
even if we restrict to natural classes of problem instances, including regular instances with cell bounds of either 0 or 1
everywhere, and dense instances where at least a linear number of cells in each row or column have non-zero cell-bounds. 相似文献
994.
Let γ(G) denote the domination number of a digraph G and let P
m
□P
n
denote the Cartesian product of P
m
and P
n
, the directed paths of length m and n. In this paper, we give a lower and upper bound for γ(P
m
□P
n
). Furthermore, we obtain a necessary and sufficient condition for P
m
□P
n
to have efficient dominating set, and determine the exact values: γ(P
2□P
n
)=n,
g(P3\square Pn)=n+é\fracn4ù\gamma(P_{3}\square P_{n})=n+\lceil\frac{n}{4}\rceil,
g(P4\square Pn)=n+é\frac2n3ù\gamma(P_{4}\square P_{n})=n+\lceil\frac{2n}{3}\rceil, γ(P
5□P
n
)=2n+1 and
g(P6\square Pn)=2n+é\fracn+23ù\gamma(P_{6}\square P_{n})=2n+\lceil\frac{n+2}{3}\rceil. 相似文献
995.
The leadership tendencies of people are likely to be influenced by their cultural contexts. For example, it is expected that
people from high-context cultures are likely to be more focused on relationships. To explore the behavioral tendencies of
working adults in the cities of Tehran and Kerman, this pilot study focused on comparing the leadership and stress perceptions
of 228 Iranian respondents based on their age and gender. These respondents have a significantly higher score on relationship
orientation. On the other side, the younger respondents from Iran had a significantly higher score on the stress overload
perception. Practical suggestions for expatriates and implications for future studies are presented. 相似文献
996.
997.
When a switching network topology is used for constructing optical cross-connects, as in the circuit switching case, no two
routes are allowed to share a link. However, if two routes share too many switching elements, then crosstalk introduced at
those switching elements degrades signal quality. Vaez and Lea (IEEE Trans. Commun. 48:(2)316–323, 2000) introduced a parameter c which is the maximum number of distinct switching elements a route can share with other routes in the network. This is called
the general crosstalk constraint. This paper presents a new method of analyzing strictly nonblocking multi-log networks under
this general crosstalk constraint using linear programming duality. 相似文献
998.
Martin J. Conyon Simon I. Peck Graham V. Sadler 《Journal of Management and Governance》2011,15(1):29-58
We develop a multi-theoretic approach, drawing on economic, institutional, managerial power and social comparison literatures
to explain the role of the external compensation consultant in the top management pay setting institutional field. Taking
advantage of recent disclosure requirements in the UK, we collect data on compensation consultant use in 232 large companies.
We show that consultants are a prevalent part of the CEO pay setting scene, and document evidence of all advisor use. Our
econometric results show that consultant use is associated with firm size and the equity pay mix. We also show that CEO pay
is positively associated with peer firms that share consultants, with higher board and consultant interlocks, and some evidence
that where firms supply other business services to the firm, CEO pay is greater. 相似文献
999.
Denys Yemshanov Yakov Ben‐Haim Marla Downing Frank Sapio Marty Siltanen 《Risk analysis》2013,33(9):1694-1709
Invasive species risk maps provide broad guidance on where to allocate resources for pest monitoring and regulation, but they often present individual risk components (such as climatic suitability, host abundance, or introduction potential) as independent entities. These independent risk components are integrated using various multicriteria analysis techniques that typically require prior knowledge of the risk components’ importance. Such information is often nonexistent for many invasive pests. This study proposes a new approach for building integrated risk maps using the principle of a multiattribute efficient frontier and analyzing the partial order of elements of a risk map as distributed in multidimensional criteria space. The integrated risks are estimated as subsequent multiattribute frontiers in dimensions of individual risk criteria. We demonstrate the approach with the example of Agrilus biguttatus Fabricius, a high‐risk pest that may threaten North American oak forests in the near future. Drawing on U.S. and Canadian data, we compare the performance of the multiattribute ranking against a multicriteria linear weighted averaging technique in the presence of uncertainties, using the concept of robustness from info‐gap decision theory. The results show major geographic hotspots where the consideration of tradeoffs between multiple risk components changes integrated risk rankings. Both methods delineate similar geographical regions of high and low risks. Overall, aggregation based on a delineation of multiattribute efficient frontiers can be a useful tool to prioritize risks for anticipated invasive pests, which usually have an extremely poor prior knowledge base. 相似文献
1000.
Despite renewed interest in traditional trait approaches to leadership and despite recent demographic trends towards an aging workforce, research on leaders' age as a specific demographic trait variable has remained surprisingly sparse and fragmented. This article provides a comprehensive review of the empirical literature on this issue. Although a body of research relating leaders' age with their behaviors and outcomes has emerged, the existing findings exhibit little consistency and lack theoretical coherence. Integrating theories of emotional aging with research on emotions and leadership, we therefore develop a novel, emotion-based framework that explicates key mechanisms and boundary conditions underlying age–leadership linkages. Moreover, we outline opportunities for further theoretical extensions and provide recommendations for future empirical work. Overall, this article paves new ground for contemporary research on leadership traits by highlighting the relevance of leaders' age, summarizing current knowledge on this issue, and providing new theoretical and empirical directions. 相似文献