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891.
University expansion and the knowledge society 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
For centuries, the processes of social differentiation associated with Modernity have often been thought to intensify the
need for site-specific forms of role training and knowledge production, threatening the university’s survival either through
fragmentation or through failure to adapt. Other lines of argument emphasize the extent to which the Modern system creates
and relies on an integrated knowledge system, but most of the literature stresses functional differentiation and putative
threats to the university. And yet over this period the university has flourished. In our view, this seeming paradox is explained
by the fact that modern society rests as much on universalistic cosmological bases as it does on differentiation. The university
expands over recent centuries because – as it has from its religious origins – it casts cultural and human materials in universalistic
terms. Our view helps explain empirical phenomena that confound standard accounts: the university’s extraordinary expansion
and global diffusion, its curricular and structural isomorphism, and its relatively unified structure. All of this holds increasingly
true after World War II, as national state societies made up of citizens are increasingly embedded in a world society constituted
of empowered individuals. The redefinition of society in global and individual terms reduces nationally bounded models of
nature and culture, extends the pool of university beneficiaries and investigators, and empowers the human persons who are
understood to root it all. The changes intensify universalization and the university’s rate of worldwide growth. For the university’s
knowledge and “knowers,” and for the pedagogy that joins them together, the implications are many. The emerging societal context
intensifies longstanding processes of cultural rationalization and ontological elaboration, yielding great expansions in what
can and should be known, and in who can and should know. These changes in turn alter the menu of approved techniques for joining
knowledge and knower as one. The “knowledge society” that results is distinguished by the extraordinary degree to which the
university is linked to society. But it is also distinguished by the degree to which society is organized around the university’s
abstracted and universalized understandings of the world and its degree-certified graduates.
David John Frank is Associate Professor of Sociology and, by courtesy, Education at the University of California, Irvine. His interests center on world society and global institutions, especially in the realms of environmental protection, higher education, criminalized sex, and expanded personhood. His most recent work includes a 2006 book from Stanford University Press, entitled Reconstructing the University: Worldwide Shifts in Academia in the 20th Century (with Jay Gabler), and an article on “World Society, NGOs, and Environmental Policy Reform in Asia,” forthcoming in the International Journal of Comparative Sociology (with Wesley Longhofer and Evan Schofer). John W. Meyer is Professor of Sociology, emeritus, at Stanford University. He has contributed to organizational theory, comparative education, and the sociology of education, developing lines of thought now called sociological institutional theory. Since the late 1970s, he has done empirical research, and published many papers, on the impact of global society on national states and societies (some papers are collected in Weltkultur: Wie die westlichen Prinzipien die Welt durchdringen, Suhrkamp, 2005). Recently, he completed a collaborative study of worldwide science and its impact on national societies (Drori, et al., Science in the Modern World Polity, Stanford, 2003). Another collaborative project, on the impact of globalization on organizational structures, has just been published (Drori et al., eds., Globalization and Organization, Oxford 2006). He now studies the rise and impact of the world human rights regime, world curricula of mass and higher education, and the global expansion of higher education. 相似文献
David John Frank (Corresponding author)Email: |
John W. MeyerEmail: |
David John Frank is Associate Professor of Sociology and, by courtesy, Education at the University of California, Irvine. His interests center on world society and global institutions, especially in the realms of environmental protection, higher education, criminalized sex, and expanded personhood. His most recent work includes a 2006 book from Stanford University Press, entitled Reconstructing the University: Worldwide Shifts in Academia in the 20th Century (with Jay Gabler), and an article on “World Society, NGOs, and Environmental Policy Reform in Asia,” forthcoming in the International Journal of Comparative Sociology (with Wesley Longhofer and Evan Schofer). John W. Meyer is Professor of Sociology, emeritus, at Stanford University. He has contributed to organizational theory, comparative education, and the sociology of education, developing lines of thought now called sociological institutional theory. Since the late 1970s, he has done empirical research, and published many papers, on the impact of global society on national states and societies (some papers are collected in Weltkultur: Wie die westlichen Prinzipien die Welt durchdringen, Suhrkamp, 2005). Recently, he completed a collaborative study of worldwide science and its impact on national societies (Drori, et al., Science in the Modern World Polity, Stanford, 2003). Another collaborative project, on the impact of globalization on organizational structures, has just been published (Drori et al., eds., Globalization and Organization, Oxford 2006). He now studies the rise and impact of the world human rights regime, world curricula of mass and higher education, and the global expansion of higher education. 相似文献
892.
The development of a questionnaire to classify an organization's operations in accordance with the Hayes and Wheelwright four-stage model is described. Despite its widespread acceptance, little practical application of the model is reported in the literature. This questionnaire offers the means of analysing the strategic role played by operations in an organization, and will be of use to managers, consultants, researchers and others conducting a strategic audit of an organization's operations. The paper uses the results of a large-scale postal survey using the questionnaire to test its usefulness as a research instrument in practice. The survey indicated that the questionnaire is a useful research instrument across a wide range of UK organizations, services as well as manufacturers, not for profits as well as profit seekers. The results of follow-up interviews with multiple respondents in three organizations are also reported. These highlighted a number of ways that the questionnaire might be improved. 相似文献
893.
How do young children direct their attention to other people in the natural world? Although many studies have examined the perception of faces and of goal‐directed actions, relatively little work has focused on what children will look at in complex and unconstrained viewing environments. To address this question, we showed videos of objects, faces, children playing with toys, and complex social scenes to a large sample of infants and toddlers between 3 and 30 months old. We found systematic developmental changes in what children looked at. When viewing faces alone, younger children looked more at eyes and older children more at mouths, especially when the faces were making expressions or talking. In the more complex videos, older children looked more at hands than younger children, especially when the hands were performing actions. Our results suggest that as children develop they become better able to direct their attention to the parts of complex scenes that are most interesting socially. 相似文献
894.
895.
Frank Hampel 《Statistics》2013,47(3):425-442
The first part of this paper contains an introduction into robust statistics with special emphasis on some difficult conceptual points and on recent results concerning the intuitive basis of robustness theory. A brief review of some classical robustness concepts and results follows, and the last part discusses a number of research areas in robustness which are of current interest, including treatment of arbitrary unstructured data and of unbalanced linear models. 相似文献
896.
Matthew Bond Siana Glouharova Nicholas Harrigan 《The British journal of sociology》2010,61(2):306-335
Business has played a central role in the debate over Britain's place in the European Union. This paper examines the socio‐economic characteristics of directors of Britain's largest corporations who affiliated either to Business for Sterling or Britain in Europe. It reports associations between directors' social backgrounds and their probabilities of affiliation. Elite university education, club membership, wealth and multiple directorships were all associated with higher propensities to affiliate. The associations are consistent with the idea that directors' social resources allow them to overcome collective action problems as well as supplying them with the motivations to affiliate. They also indicated that directors form a privileged group in that they have a number of very powerful actors who can take unilateral political actions. 相似文献
897.
898.
899.
Philip Rees Nicole van der Gaag Joop de Beer Frank Heins 《Revue europeenne de demographie》2012,28(4):385-416
Europe is currently experiencing an ageing population and slowing population growth of both the total and working-age populations. These trends are likely to continue. Even though population ageing will affect all European regions, different regions will be affected in different ways. Even under favorable conditions, 35–40?% of all NUTS2 regions will face a labor force decline. If economic conditions are poor, some regions may continue to grow, but 55–70?% of the regions will see a labor force decline by 10?% or more. In most regions of Eastern Europe, the labor force may decrease by more than 30?%. To keep regions prosperous (maintaining competitiveness) and to avoid worse inequality (maintaining cohesion), policy-makers must find ways to cope with these challenges through new fiscal and social policies, though policies directly affecting demographic and migratory trends may also be needed. 相似文献
900.
Dr. Frank Bauer Dr. Philipp Fuchs PD Dr. Matthias Jung 《?sterreichische Zeitschrift für Soziologie》2013,38(3):277-294
The article analyses the experiences made in publicly subsidized employment by long-term-unemployed in theoretical and empirical perspectives. The heterogeneity of the investigated population requires a differentiation between various types of personal employment histories as well as the examination of patterns of coping with subsidized employment from a differential perspective: Only a subgroup of the target-group share the notions of normality on which its construction is based. Furthermore, the wage subsidy can fulfill different functions with regard to the recipient’s personal employment history. Finally, problematic employment situations can result in the termination of a subsidized employment relationship. Since heterogeneous groups of persons can be affected by a permanent exclusion from the labour market, it seems problematic to tackle the problems connected with this situation by applying a single labour market measure. 相似文献