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In many animal model systems for carcinogenesis, well characterized putative premalignant lesions are observed. A much studied example is provided by the enzyme altered foci in rodent hepatocarcinogenesis experiments. In a recent paper, we proposed a method for the quantitative analysis of such premalignant lesions. The model used in that paper assumed that the mean growth of premalignant clones is exponential. However, it has been suggested that such a model is oversimplified. In this paper, we relax the assumption of exponential mean growth. The new model contains one extra parameter that measures departures from exponentiality. Use of the model is illustrated by analysis of ATPase deficient foci in the liver of rats given NNM (N-nitrosomorpholine) in their drinking water. The analysis suggests that the clonal growth of altered cells is significantly accelerated (superexponential) for nontoxic doses of NNM. Finally, the hazard function of the two-mutation model for carcinogenesis is briefly discussed under nonexponential (mean) growth of intermediate cells. 相似文献
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94.
Andreas Futschik & Georg Ch. Pflug 《Australian & New Zealand Journal of Statistics》1998,40(4):443-464
Consider testing the null hypothesis that a given population has location parameter greater than or equal to the largest location parameter of k competing populations. This paper generalizes tests proposed by Gupta and Bartholomew by considering tests based on p -distances from the parameter estimate to the null parameter space. It is shown that all tests are equivalent when k →∞ for a class of distributions that includes the normal and the uniform. The paper proposes the use of adaptive quantiles. Under suitable assumptions the resulting tests are asymptotically equivalent to the uniformly most powerful test for the case that the location parameters of all but one of the populations are known. The increase in power obtained by using adaptive tests is confirmed by a simulation study. 相似文献
95.
Tor Georg Jakobsen 《Social indicators research》2011,101(3):323-340
This article examines the link between regime types, social expenditure, and welfare attitudes. By employing data on 19 countries
taken from the World Values Survey, the main aim is to see to what degree the institutions of a country affect the attitudes
of its citizens. According to Esping-Andersen (The three worlds of welfare capitalism. Polity Press, Cambridge, 1990) welfare regimes can be classified into Liberal, Conservative, and Social Democratic categories. With this as my point of
departure, I put forward two research questions: the first concerns the direct influence of regime type on people’s attitudes;
the second seeks to trace the contours of the regime types by arguing that both social expenditure and welfare attitudes are
products of a country’s institutional arrangements. These questions are answered through regression modelling and by examining
the interplay between welfare attitudes, social expenditure, and welfare regimes. First, we see that there are significant
differences in aggregated attitudes between countries belonging to the Liberal and the Conservative regimes, with the former’s
citizens holding more rightist views than those of the latter. This is explained by the history and organization of welfare
benefits of the two variations of Esping-Andersen’s classification. Second, by graphing welfare attitudes against social expenditure
the outline of the three regime types mentioned above may be seen. Similar correspondence is not found with regards to an
Eastern European category. All in all, this study renders some support for the regime argument. 相似文献
96.
Georg P. Mueller 《Social indicators research》2011,102(1):23-37
This article describes a new methodology for monitoring multidimensional social development using social clocks: comparisons
with so called reference trajectories make it possible to establish the development stage of a country along a number of independent
time axes, thus affording new opportunities for analyzing leads, lags, and asynchronies between variables and countries. This
article explores these new possibilities and discusses some of the difficulties in the use of social clocks. To demonstrate
the fruitfulness of the new concepts, the article presents an application of the methodology by analyzing the socio-economic
development of ten Eastern European countries in the period before they joined the European Union. 相似文献
97.
98.
Risk, complexity, and deviations from expected-value maximization: Results of a lottery choice experiment 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Varying several parameters of single-stage lottery choice tasks we investigate the question which features of a decision task lead subjects to deviate from maximizing expected monetary value (EV). Despite small differences in EV between the two lotteries in the choice sets, the subjects on average chose the lottery with the higher EV in every task. Risk avoidance occurs, but not consistently over all tasks. Further results are that subjects prefer less complex lotteries over more complex ones, and that risk matters the more the less complex the decision task is. 相似文献
99.
Mag. Mag. rer. soc. oec. Ing. Georg Merkl 《Zeitschrift für Betriebswirtschaft》2011,81(9):1035-1044
I maintain my critique of the studies of Bigus and Zimmermann (2009) and of Köhler et al. (2010) without reservation. In light of the legal basis of the scope of audits of financial statements, of auditing standards, of the practice of auditing of international groups of companies, and of international studies of audit fees, the replies of the authors do not provide solid counter arguments and do not seem to take the practice of auditing into account. 相似文献
100.