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331.
Gianmarco I. P. Ottaviano Alessandro Turrini 《Journal of the European Economic Association》2007,5(4):796-822
We introduce incomplete contracts in a model where multinational firms from a certain country (“North”) can decide to serve a foreign market (“South”) through exports or through horizontal foreign direct investment (FDI). FDI relies on the supply of specialized intermediate inputs that could be supplied either by northern suppliers or by suppliers located in South. Intermediate sourcing contracts are complete in North but not in South. Were southern contracts also complete, FDI would arise only when trade barriers are high enough. Incomplete contracts in South generate, instead, a non‐linear relation between trade barriers and FDI as foreign investment emerges also when trade barriers are low enough. The reason is the positive effect that low trade barriers have on the bargaining power of final producers with respect to their southern suppliers. (JEL: F23, F12) 相似文献
332.
Belinda I. Reyes 《The International migration review》2001,35(4):1185-1204
This article uses data from the Mexican Migration Project to determine the factors that affect how long Mexican immigrants stay in the United States. Based on the estimates of a discrete‐time hazard model, the most important predictors of duration are the economic opportunities for immigrants in the United States, the household resources before migration, and the opportunities available at the immigrant's community of origin. The article also finds longer trip duration after the Immigration Reform and Control Act than in previous years and important differences between male and female migrants. 相似文献
333.
What do people want from urban forestry?—The European experience 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
I.R. Hunter 《Urban Ecosystems》2001,5(4):277-284
The European public has a long tradition of interaction with, but has mixed emotions about forests. On the one hand they see forests as part of nature bringing peace and happiness to all. On the other hand there is a traditional memory of danger in forests, re-inforced by the modern use of under-policed forests for all kinds of criminal activities. Nevertheless, people will use forests very frequently (25% of visitors do so every day), mostly for gentle activities such as walking. Urban forests tend to be managed by traditionally-trained managers who do not understand the public's attitude to forests. The public re-acts to forests on a personal basis. They are not much concerned with ecological purity. Such misunderstandings underlie the high propensity to conflict. With increasing leisure and wealth the range of activities that people wish to carry-out in forests has increased enormously. Many of these activities are mutually incompatible and lead to conflict between users. The social sciences and the new science of environmental psychology can be used to elucidate people's real feelings about urban forests and to assist with overall design. Specific requirements of mutually-incompatible uses can be catered for in separate areas by finding-out and designing-in features which both attract and repel. 相似文献
334.
N. Bourgeois A. Giannakos G. Lucarelli I. Milis V. T. Paschos O. Pottié 《Journal of Combinatorial Optimization》2012,23(1):94-117
In this paper, we deal with the problem of finding quasi-independent sets in graphs. This problem is formally defined in three
versions, which are shown to be polynomially equivalent. The one that looks most general, namely, f-max quasi-independent set, consists of, given a graph and a non-decreasing function f, finding a maximum size subset Q of the vertices of the graph, such that the number of edges in the induced subgraph is less than or equal to f(|Q|). For this problem, we show an exact solution method that runs within time
O*(2\fracd-27/23d+1n)O^{*}(2^{\frac{d-27/23}{d+1}n}) on graphs of average degree bounded by d. For the most specifically defined γ-max quasi-independent set and k-max quasi-independent set problems, several results on complexity and approximation are shown, and greedy algorithms are proposed, analyzed and tested. 相似文献
335.
Gianmarco I. P. Ottaviano Giovanni Peri 《Journal of the European Economic Association》2012,10(1):152-197
This paper calculates the effects of immigration on the wages of native US workers of various skill levels in two steps. In the first step we use labor demand functions to estimate the elasticity of substitution across different groups of workers. Second, we use the underlying production structure and the estimated elasticities to calculate the total wage effects of immigration in the long run. We emphasize that a production function framework is needed to combine own‐group effects with cross‐group effects in order to obtain the total wage effects for each native group. In order to obtain a parsimonious representation of elasticities that can be estimated with available data, we adopt alternative nested‐CES models and let the data select the preferred specification. New to this paper is the estimate of the substitutability between natives and immigrants of similar education and experience levels. In the data‐preferred model, there is a small but significant degree of imperfect substitutability between natives and immigrants which, when combined with the other estimated elasticities, implies that in the period from 1990 to 2006 immigration had a small effect on the wages of native workers with no high school degree (between 0.6% and +1.7%). It also had a small positive effect on average native wages (+0.6%) and a substantial negative effect (−6.7%) on wages of previous immigrants in the long run. 相似文献
336.
337.
I. H. Tajuddin 《Journal of applied statistics》1999,26(6):767-774
In 1995, Arnold and Groeneveld introduced the measure of skewness gammaM in terms of F(mode)-the cumulative probability of a random variable less than or equal to the mode of the distribution. They assumed that the mode of a distribution exists and is unique. Independently, in 1996, the present author arrived at the measure of skewness T, which is given in terms of F(mean). This measure possesses desirable properties and is equally simple. The measure gammaM satisfies - 1 gammaM 1 , with 1 (- 1) indicating extreme right (left) skewness. However, the measure T can take on any value on the real line; hence, an equivalent measure gammaT is considered and is compared with gammaM. We consider a variety of families of distributions and include in our study other measures of skewness of interest. Skewness values are easily obtained using MINITAB programs. 相似文献
338.
339.
Brown JJ Diamond ID Chambers RL Buckner LJ Teague AD 《Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A, (Statistics in Society)》1999,162(2):247-267
As a result of lessons learnt from the 1991 census, a research programme was set up to seek improvements in census methodology. Underenumeration has been placed top of the agenda in this programme, and every effort is being made to achieve as high a coverage as possible in the 2001 census. In recognition, however, that 100% coverage will never be achieved, the one-number census (ONC) project was established to measure the degree of underenumeration in the 2001 census and, if possible, to adjust fully the outputs from the census for that undercount. A key component of this adjustment process is a census coverage survey (CCS). This paper presents an overview of the ONC project, focusing on the design and analysis methodology for the CCS. It also presents results that allow the reader to evaluate the robustness of this methodology. 相似文献
340.
I. Gijbels A. Pope & M. P. Wand 《Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B, Statistical methodology》1999,61(1):39-50
Exponential smoothing is the most common model-free means of forecasting a future realization of a time series. It requires the specification of a smoothing factor which is usually chosen from the data to minimize the average squared residual of previous one-step-ahead forecasts. In this paper we show that exponential smoothing can be put into a nonparametric regression framework and gain some interesting insights into its performance through this interpretation. We also use theoretical developments from the kernel regression field to derive, for the first time, asymptotic properties of exponential smoothing forecasters. 相似文献