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431.
Bargaining power and equilibrium consumption 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We examine how a shift of bargaining power within households operating in a competitive market environment affects equilibrium
allocation and welfare. If price effects are sufficiently small, then typically an individual benefits from an increase of
bargaining power, necessarily to the detriment of others. If price effects are drastic, the welfare of all household members
moves in the same direction when bargaining power shifts, at the expense (or for the benefit) of outside consumers. Typically
a shift of bargaining power within a set of households also impacts upon other households. We show that each individual of
a sociological group tends to benefit, if he can increase his bargaining power, but suffers if others in his group do the
same. 相似文献
432.
Hans Sanderson Caritas Tibazarwa William Greggs Donald J. Versteeg Yutaka Kasai Kathleen Stanton Richard I. Sedlak 《Risk analysis》2009,29(6):857-867
An environmental assessment of amine oxides has been conducted under the OECD SIDS High Production Volume (HPV) Program via the Global International Council of Chemical Associations (ICCA) Amine Oxides Consortium. Amine oxides are primarily used in conjunction with surfactants in cleaning and personal care products. Given the lack of persistence or bioaccumulation, and the low likelihood of these chemicals partitioning to soil, the focus of the environmental assessment is on the aquatic environment. In the United States, the E-FAST model is used to estimate effluent concentrations in the United States from manufacturing facilities and from municipal facilities resulting from consumer product uses. Reasonable worst-case ratios of predicted environmental concentration (PEC) to predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) range from 0.04 to 0.003, demonstrating that these chemicals are a low risk to the environment. 相似文献
433.
434.
435.
Some Comments on Free-Riding in Leontief Partnerships 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Hans K. Hvide 《Economic inquiry》2001,39(3):467-473
Holmström (Bell Journal of Economics, 13, 1982, 324–40) showed that free-riding is inevitable in partnerships where inputs are substitutes. Legros and Matthews (Review of Economic Studies, 68, 1993, 599–611) and Vislie (Journal of Economics Behavior and Organization, 23, 1994, 83–91) showed that when inputs are strict complements (Leontief technology), free-riding can be avoided with a linear sharing rule. This paper considers the robustness and some extensions of the positive result of these articles. First, I show that Legros and Matthews's and Vislie's results are not robust to the introduction of participation constraints and limited liability. However, I construct a novel rule that mitigates that problem. Second, I perturb the (deterministic) model of the other authors. It turns out that free-riding is avoidable with noise added to joint output and is inevitable when noise is added to individual productivity. 相似文献
436.
In this paper, we present a characterization of social choice correspondences which can be implemented in strong Nash equilibrium,
stated in terms of the power structure implicit in the social choice rule. We extend the notion of an effectivity function
to allow for simultaneous vetoing by several coalitions. This leads to the concept of a domination structure as a generalized
effectivity function. Using this concept and a solution known from the theory of effectivity functions, the supernucleus,
we give a characterization of strongly implementable social choice correspondences as supernucleus correspondence relative
to an appropriate domination structure.
Received: 2 February 1996/Accepted: 2 February 1998 相似文献
437.
汉斯·兰克 《西安交通大学学报(社会科学版)》2008,28(3):57-62
来自运动(尤其是最高层次的运动)的许多经验都可以被运用于其他领域,而且在团队运动中最宜于研究成功的必要条件和过程.以团队运动为原型进行研究,得到了普遍性的结论,即内部竞争、"民主"自制、自我激励等都可以提高成就水平.其中,最具普遍性的是对自我满足行为的自我激励--对于所有创造性成就而言,自发的真正的动机是必不可少的条件,依赖于真实的个人动机(即本征动机)的"本征成功"也随之体现着积极的、创造性的个性."本征成功"是源于本征动机而取得的成功,它是真正个人的成功,或者说,是真正或严格意义上的"本征行为"(个人真实的行动),其中表达的是深思熟虑的自我激励、自我投入、自愿完成的个人成就和行为."本征行为"是创造性生命和自由社会的重要表现,自发从事的活动和真正的成就是人类自我理解的基本构成.不仅作为理性认知的存在,而且作为创造性存在、作为不断自我教化的社会和文化存在,人类都是真正实现着的存在. 相似文献
438.
Elke Rohmann Hans W. Bierhoff Günter F. Müller 《Gruppendynamik und Organisationsberatung》2000,31(2):213-224
Two leading questions about the issue on application of research on prosocial organizational behavior are: Who will profit from it? By what measures could it be promoted? The question of benefit is discussed by considering the interests of employers and employees, while the topic of promotion of prosocial organizational behavior is illustrated by considering research with regard to influences of mood at work and the meaning of intrinsic motivation for work performance. 相似文献
439.
Hans Swärd 《European Journal of Social Work》1999,2(3):289-303
In a number of countries in Western Europe and in North America homelessness has come to the fore once again over the last 15-20 years, a fact to which many books and surveys bear witness. In a number of countries, organizations have been formed both for and by the homeless.1Newspapers sold on the street to promote the cause of the homeless are becoming an increasingly common sight.2Despite this trend there is at present still no generally acknowledged explanation of the cause of homelessness and we do not know whether the causes are the same in the social democratic European welfare states, in the USA and Canada, or in countries with a poorly developed welfare system. Nor do we know whether homelessness for the individual is a short-term or permanent state. This article highlights Swedish homelessness. It is based on the results of a research project which I ran from 1993 to 1998.3The article has three objectives. First, I wish to provide a brief presentation of the issue of Swedish homelessness using, among other things, a study of how the media have dealt with the issue. Secondly, I wish to discuss the pattern of homelessness in Sweden and provide an explanation of why the length of homelessness varies. Thirdly, I wish to highlight the question of how we explain why people can be homeless in a country where social welfare and housing policies have, decade after decade, been directed at eradicating housing problems. The last two questions were highlighted in a case study conducted by me in Malmö, the country's third largest city. 相似文献
440.
For an entire century — from Veblen (1899) to Bourdieu (1982) — the representation of social status through cultural taste was theorized in terms of “undifferentiated” masses at the bottom, and exclusive elites at the top of the social scale. Using music-related survey data, however, recent American cultural sociology maintains that, increasingly, cultural articulation of social status is performed in a different way: high-status persons show a broad, even “omnivorous” range of tastes and an open mind for different musical styles, low-status persons show a narrow, even “univorous” range of tastes and a closed mind for different musical styles. Testing the hypotheses with data from German concert visitors results in different findings. First, American and German samples show strongly different levels in width of musical tastes. Second, musical highbrows, in accordance with the traditional paradigm, show less interest in popular styles than others and rather dislike such musics. Third, regression analysis reveals that structured symbolic distinction through cultural choices depends on the relative importance of a given symbolic universe for the individual. Discussion of findings takes up questions of method and refers to culturally and historically defined differences between the German and American sample. Simple transfer of “inductively” developed hypotheses into different cultural contexts is critcized as inadequate and misleading. 相似文献