Polynomial regression with errors in the variables

A polynomial functional relationship with errors in both variables can be consistently estimated by constructing an ordinary least squares estimator for the regression coefficients, assuming hypothetically the latent true regressor variable to be known, and then adjusting for the errors. If normality of the error variables can be assumed, the estimator can be simplified considerably. Only the variance of the errors in the regressor variable and its covariance with the errors of the response variable need to be known. If the variance of the errors in the dependent variable is also known, another estimator can be constructed.     

The Impact of Developing Social Perspective‐taking Skills on Emotionality in Middle and Late Childhood

A sample of 209 children was followed longitudinally to examine the impact of growing perspective‐taking skills on positive and negative emotionality in middle and late childhood. Perspective‐taking skills were assessed through interviews. Teachers rated children's emotional reactivity and capacity to regain a neutral state following emotional arousal. Analyses of contemporaneous data revealed that more developed perspective‐taking skills were associated with moderate levels of emotional reactivity. In addition, in children with high emotional reactivity, good perspective‐taking skills were associated with good capacity to regain a neutral affective state following emotional arousal. Longitudinal analyses revealed that children who made gains in perspective‐taking skills over a two‐year‐period became more moderate in negative emotional reactivity and improved their ability to down‐regulate strong positive emotions. The overall findings support the notion that children use perspective‐taking skills as a tool for optimal regulation of emotional responses.     

Bargaining power and equilibrium consumption

We examine how a shift of bargaining power within households operating in a competitive market environment affects equilibrium allocation and welfare. If price effects are sufficiently small, then typically an individual benefits from an increase of bargaining power, necessarily to the detriment of others. If price effects are drastic, the welfare of all household members moves in the same direction when bargaining power shifts, at the expense (or for the benefit) of outside consumers. Typically a shift of bargaining power within a set of households also impacts upon other households. We show that each individual of a sociological group tends to benefit, if he can increase his bargaining power, but suffers if others in his group do the same.     

High Production Volume Chemical Amine Oxides [C8–C20] Category Environmental Risk Assessment

An environmental assessment of amine oxides has been conducted under the OECD SIDS High Production Volume (HPV) Program via the Global International Council of Chemical Associations (ICCA) Amine Oxides Consortium. Amine oxides are primarily used in conjunction with surfactants in cleaning and personal care products. Given the lack of persistence or bioaccumulation, and the low likelihood of these chemicals partitioning to soil, the focus of the environmental assessment is on the aquatic environment. In the United States, the E-FAST model is used to estimate effluent concentrations in the United States from manufacturing facilities and from municipal facilities resulting from consumer product uses. Reasonable worst-case ratios of predicted environmental concentration (PEC) to predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) range from 0.04 to 0.003, demonstrating that these chemicals are a low risk to the environment.     

Some Comments on Free-Riding in Leontief Partnerships

Holmström (Bell Journal of Economics, 13, 1982, 324–40) showed that free-riding is inevitable in partnerships where inputs are substitutes. Legros and Matthews (Review of Economic Studies, 68, 1993, 599–611) and Vislie (Journal of Economics Behavior and Organization, 23, 1994, 83–91) showed that when inputs are strict complements (Leontief technology), free-riding can be avoided with a linear sharing rule. This paper considers the robustness and some extensions of the positive result of these articles. First, I show that Legros and Matthews's and Vislie's results are not robust to the introduction of participation constraints and limited liability. However, I construct a novel rule that mitigates that problem. Second, I perturb the (deterministic) model of the other authors. It turns out that free-riding is avoidable with noise added to joint output and is inevitable when noise is added to individual productivity.     

Strongly implementable social choice correspondences and the supernucleus

In this paper, we present a characterization of social choice correspondences which can be implemented in strong Nash equilibrium, stated in terms of the power structure implicit in the social choice rule. We extend the notion of an effectivity function to allow for simultaneous vetoing by several coalitions. This leads to the concept of a domination structure as a generalized effectivity function.  Using this concept and a solution known from the theory of effectivity functions, the supernucleus, we give a characterization of strongly implementable social choice correspondences as supernucleus correspondence relative to an appropriate domination structure. Received: 2 February 1996/Accepted: 2 February 1998     

运动的激情与真正的成就——写在2008北京奥运会之前

来自运动(尤其是最高层次的运动)的许多经验都可以被运用于其他领域,而且在团队运动中最宜于研究成功的必要条件和过程.以团队运动为原型进行研究,得到了普遍性的结论,即内部竞争、"民主"自制、自我激励等都可以提高成就水平.其中,最具普遍性的是对自我满足行为的自我激励--对于所有创造性成就而言,自发的真正的动机是必不可少的条件,依赖于真实的个人动机(即本征动机)的"本征成功"也随之体现着积极的、创造性的个性."本征成功"是源于本征动机而取得的成功,它是真正个人的成功,或者说,是真正或严格意义上的"本征行为"(个人真实的行动),其中表达的是深思熟虑的自我激励、自我投入、自愿完成的个人成就和行为."本征行为"是创造性生命和自由社会的重要表现,自发从事的活动和真正的成就是人类自我理解的基本构成.不仅作为理性认知的存在,而且作为创造性存在、作为不断自我教化的社会和文化存在,人类都是真正实现着的存在.     

Förderung freiwilligen Arbeitsengagements in Organisatione

Two leading questions about the issue on application of research on prosocial organizational behavior are: Who will profit from it? By what measures could it be promoted? The question of benefit is discussed by considering the interests of employers and employees, while the topic of promotion of prosocial organizational behavior is illustrated by considering research with regard to influences of mood at work and the meaning of intrinsic motivation for work performance.