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771.
Alexander STADLER 《福建农林大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2011,(3)
在大学和制药工业的研发实验室里,微波合成正变得越来越流行。专用工业微波反应器在化学转化方法的发展和条件优化方面有着非常重要的用途,尤其体现在其节约时间方面。本文介绍的体系允许反应在增强的条件下进行,从而显著扩展了微波化学的范围。 相似文献
772.
In certain judgmental situations where a “correct” decision is presumed to exist, optimal decision making requires evaluation
of the decision-makers’ capabilities and the selection of the appropriate aggregation rule. The major and so far unresolved
difficulty is the former necessity. This article presents the optimal aggregation rule that simultaneously satisfies these
two interdependent necessary requirements. In our setting, some record of the voters’ past decisions is available, but the
correct decisions are not known. We observe that any arbitrary evaluation of the decision-makers’ capabilities as probabilities
yields some optimal aggregation rule that, in turn, yields a maximum-likelihood estimation of decisional skills. Thus, a skill-evaluation equilibrium can be defined as an evaluation of decisional skills that yields itself as a maximum-likelihood estimation of decisional
skills. We show that such equilibrium exists and offer a procedure for finding one. The obtained equilibrium is locally optimal
and is shown empirically to generally be globally optimal in terms of the correctness of the resulting collective decisions.
Interestingly, under minimally competent (almost symmetric) skill distributions that allow unskilled decision makers, the
optimal rule considerably outperforms the common simple majority rule (SMR). Furthermore, a sufficient record of past decisions
ensures that the collective probability of making a correct decision converges to 1, as opposed to accuracy of about 0.7 under
SMR. Our proposed optimal voting procedure relaxes the fundamental (and sometimes unrealistic) assumptions in Condorcet’s
celebrated theorem and its extensions, such as sufficiently high decision-making quality, skill homogeneity or existence of
a sufficiently large group of decision makers. 相似文献
773.
The aim of this study was to test a fundamental assumption concerning 27 of the most frequently used measures to assess aspects
of the quality of people’s lives, e.g., measures concerning happiness, satisfaction with life as a whole, with the quality
of one’s life, with domains of life (job, marriage, friendships), and with perceived gaps between what one has compared to
what one wants, what one’s neighbor has and so on. The assumption is that such measures are sensitive to changes in the circumstances
of one’s life measured by self-perceptions of change and by self-assessments of the net balance of salient positive and negative
events one has experienced in some specified period of time. A total of 462 residents of British Columbia distributed across
3 different panels completed mailed-out questionnaires at 3 points in time in 2005, 06 and 07. Among other things, we found
that measuring year-by-year changes in respondents’ life circumstances by reports of their own perception and experienced
life events, on average the values of the 27 variables changed in ways that were consistent with respondents’ reported changes
in 49.7% of the cases examined. The success rate of the assumption using self-perceptions of change (61.7%) was much higher
than the success rate using a net balance of experienced events (37.3%). 相似文献
774.
Similar to Schuirmann's two one-sided tests procedure for assessment of bioequivalence in average bioavailability (Schuirmann,), Liu and Chow proposed a two one-sided tests procedure for assessment of equivalence of variability of bioavailability. Their procedure is derived based on the correlation between crossover differences and subject totals. In this paper, we examined the performance of their test procedure in terms of its test size and power for various situations where the intersubject variability and the intrasubject variability of the test drug product are relatively larger, similar, and smaller than that of the intrasubject variability of the reference drug product. 相似文献
775.
Graduating from university is just the final step of an extended educational career. Sociological transition research has revealed that final educational attainment must be understood as the result of a sequence of successive decisions. With regard to graduation from university, one has to take into account that upper secondary school qualifications are required for enrolling in the first place, and in Germany, the decision for this kind of schooling is at a much earlier age. So where on the long way to the university degree does Germany ‘lose’ its potential academics and in particular its lower class children? 相似文献
776.
Sally Monaghan Alex Blaszczynski 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2010,26(1):67-88
Harm-minimization strategies aim to reduce gambling-related risks; however, minimal evidence supports the effectiveness of
current strategies involving the placement of warning signs in gambling venues and on electronic gaming machines (EGMs). This
qualitative replication study evaluated the differential effect of pop-up messages compared to static signs and the content
of messages on EGMs on recall, thoughts, and behaviors assessed during the session and at 2-week follow-up. In Study 1, 127
regular EGM gamblers (male = 97, mean age = 20.3) recruited from a university student population attended a laboratory where
they were randomly assigned to play a computer-based simulated EGM analogue displaying signs that differed by (a) mode of
presentation (pop-up and static) and (b) message content (informative, self-appraisal, and control/blank). In Study 2, an
identical methodology was used but included the use of a simulated EGM within an in vivo gaming setting with 124 regular EGM
players (male = 81, mean age = 44.1). Results from both studies showed that pop-up messages were recalled more effectively
than static messages immediately and at 2-week follow-up. Pop-up messages reportedly had a significantly greater impact on
within-session thoughts and behaviors. Messages encouraging self-appraisal resulted in significantly greater effect on self-reported
thoughts and behaviors during both the experimental session and in subsequent EGM play. These findings support the effectiveness
of pop-up messages containing self-appraisal messages as an appropriate harm-minimization initiative. 相似文献
777.
778.
779.
This paper considers an aspect of possible managerial short-termism in the UK. It discusses some potential motivations for that phenomenon and presents evidence which suggests that short-termism exists and is positively associated with managerial perceptions of capital market valuation practices. Two hypotheses were developed and tested using the responses concerning R&D expenditure obtained from a postal questionnaire sent to the finance directors of theTimes 1000companies. These were that many top managers in UK quoted companies behave in a ‘short-termist’ manner; and that the extent to which managers behave as hypothesized above is positively associated with their perceptions of the level of emphasis placed by the capital market on measurements related to short-term reported earnings. The results obtained support the hypotheses. Overall, the evidence of the paper is consistent with the view that many finance directors of large UK companies are short-termist in their perceptions and that such short-termism is positively associated with their beliefs about the level of emphasis placed by the capital market on figures of reported earnings. 相似文献
780.
The concept of a calling in relation to career choice is a topic of interest in current literature. Exploring variables that may contribute to the presence of a calling is an important gap in the literature. This study examined career thoughts and vocational identity in relation to the presence of calling in a sample of 329 undergraduate university students enrolled in a career development course. The findings revealed significant relationships among all the variables of interest, as well as moderate predictive power, indicating that vocational identity and career thoughts may contribute to the formation of a calling to pursue a particular career. Limitations, implications for practice, and future research are discussed. 相似文献