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31.
Inside stories: Maternal representations of first time mothers from pre-pregnancy to early pregnancy
Julia Hopkins David Clarke Wendy Cross 《Women and birth : journal of the Australian College of Midwives》2014,27(1):26-30
BackgroundAccording to the psychoanalytical literature, it is during pregnancy that maternal representations of the mother–infant relationship become activated. Midwives who are engaged with the mother and the baby have not drawn upon this concept in their practice. In order for this to happen, it is important to understand better the nature of maternal representations and when they are activated from empirical studies.QuestionThe research question is: what are the maternal representations of a group of first time mothers from pre-pregnancy, early pregnancy and to the first ultrasound.MethodA narrative approach was used to gain insight into the maternal representations of first time pregnant womens’ account of their representations. The analysis method was based on thematic approach.ParticipantsFifteen women aged between 23 and 38 years.SettingA midwives clinic attached to a tertiary hospital in Melbourne, Australia.FindingsFirst-time pregnant women's maternal representations were activated when a woman begins to plan her pregnancy (‘the time is right’), again at the onset of physical changes to her body as a result of conception (‘my body is changing’), and at the first early ultrasound at around twelve weeks (‘it’ is a real baby).ConclusionMaternal representations are important for the midwife and pregnant women because this concept provides another understanding in relation to the psychological dimension of pregnancy. 相似文献
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Previous research has identified methodological problems in the design and conduct of randomized trials that could, if left unaddressed, lead to biased results. In this report we discuss one such problem, inadequate control intervention, and argue that it can be by far the most important design characteristic of randomized trials in overestimating the effect of new treatments. Current guidelines for the design and reporting of randomized trials, such as the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement, do not address the choice of the comparator intervention. We argue that an adequate control intervention can be selected if people designing a trial explicitly take into consideration the ethical principle of equipoise, also known as "the uncertainty principle." 相似文献
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Max Weisbuch Michael L. Slepian Asha Clarke Nalini Ambady Jeremy Veenstra-VanderWeele 《Journal of Nonverbal Behavior》2010,34(1):43-56
Behavioral consistency has been at the center of debates regarding the stability of personality. We argue that people are
consistent but that such consistency is best observed in nonverbal behavior. In Study 1, participants’ verbal and nonverbal
behaviors were observed in a mock interview and then in an informal interaction. In Study 2, medical students’ verbal and
nonverbal behaviors were observed during first- and third-year clinical skills evaluation. Nonverbal behavior exhibited consistency
across context and time (a duration of 2 years) whereas verbal behavior did not. Discussion focuses on implications for theories
of personality and nonverbal behavior. 相似文献
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The quadratic discriminant function is commonly used for the two group classification problem when the covariance matrices in the two populations are substantially unequal. This procedure is optimal when both populations are multivariate normal with known means and covariance matrices. This study examined the robustness of the QDF to non-normality. Sampling experiments were conducted to estimate expected actual error rates for the QDF when sampling from a variety of non-normal distributions. Results indicated that the QDF was robust to non-normality except when the distributions were highly skewed, in which case relatively large deviations from optimal were observed. In all cases studied the average probabilities of misclassification were relatively stable while the individual population error rates exhibited considerable variability. 相似文献
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Paul S. Clarke Peter W. F. Smith 《Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B, Statistical methodology》2004,66(2):357-368
Summary. Log-linear models for multiway contingency tables where one variable is subject to non-ignorable non-response will often yield boundary solutions, with the probability of non-respondents being classified in some cells of the table estimated as 0. The paper considers the effect of this non-standard behaviour on two methods of interval estimation based on the distribution of the maximum likelihood estimator. The first method relies on the estimator being approximately normally distributed with variance equal to the inverse of the information matrix. It is shown that the information matrix is singular for boundary solutions, but intervals can be calculated after a simple transformation. For the second method, based on the bootstrap, asymptotic results suggest that the coverage properties may be poor for boundary solutions. Both methods are compared with profile likelihood intervals in a simulation study based on data from the British General Election Panel Study. The results of this study indicate that all three methods perform poorly for a parameter of the non-response model, whereas they all perform well for a parameter of the margin model, irrespective of whether or not there is a boundary solution. 相似文献
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The appropriateness and desirability of researching children have been issues of some debate. Children may be perceived as non-competent or vulnerable, and proxies have been used as children's representatives. Increasingly researchers are speaking to children directly. Why is this so and what are the methodological and ethical implications of researching children's views? In this paper the authors draw on their own experiences of researching children in the fields of child carers and the impact of the Child Support Act 1991. A number of social, political and legal trends are identified which form a background to the growing interest in children as potential and actual participants in the research process. The theoretical, methodological, ethical and practical issues involved are then identified and described, using examples from two separate studies conducted by the authors. 相似文献