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1.
From the inception of the proportional representation movement it has been an issue whether larger parties are favored at
the expense of smaller parties in one apportionment of seats as compared to another apportionment. A number of methods have
been proposed and are used in countries with a proportional representation system. These apportionment methods exhibit a regularity
of order, as discussed in the present paper, that captures the preferential treatment of larger versus smaller parties. This
order, namely majorization, permits the comparison of seat allocations in two apportionments. For divisor methods, we show
that one method is majorized by another method if and only if their signpost ratios are increasing. This criterion is satisfied
for the divisor methods with power-mean rounding, and for the divisor methods with stationary rounding. Majorization places
the five traditional apportionment methods in the order as they are known to favor larger parties over smaller parties: Adams,
Dean, Hill, Webster, and Jefferson.
Received: 5 August 2000/Accepted: 24 October 2001 相似文献
2.
Uta Gerhardt 《The American Sociologist》2002,33(2):5-39
This article places an episode in the history of sociological theory into intellectual history in the twentieth century. The
perspective is chronological as well as contextual. The themes are two theoretical approaches, both embedded in both American
and German history, Parsonian Systems Theory and “Frankfurt School” Critical Theory. The chronology shown spanned mainly from
the 1940s to the 1960s. The context of the two theories is a period that is crucial in twentieth century history. The protagonists
of the two approaches were, in the 1940s, Americans and Germans exiled in the United States. In the 1950s, both approaches
were affected by McCarthyism in different ways. The 1960s, however, were the culmination. The dynamics of the two approaches
led into a schism which came into the open on the occasion of the 1964 German Sociology Conference in Heidelberg celebrating
Max Weber. The article shows the stages in the evolution of the schism, emulating three acts in a drama. The final split was
over whether Weber or Marx should be the classic whose oeuvre was to influence sociological thinking today. My aim is to exemplify
how these two authoritative approaches in sociological theory, far from escaping the vagaries and vicissitudes of their times,
were embedded in twentieth-century history. 相似文献
3.
In light of use by airline unions of partial-strike tactics, such as concerted refusals to bid for overtime work and so-called
” CHAOS” tactics involving unannounced refusals to fly after passengers have been ticketed and are ready to board, the authors
examine whether the Railway Labor Act (RLA) should be interpreted to permit employers to discipline employees for engaging
in such tactics, or whether these are a protected form of economic pressure. Although in many respects bargaining duties and
economic weapons under the RLA are read consonant with precedents under the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) (which governs
all industries other than rail and air transport), there are a few decisions suggesting that during the period when self-help
may be resorted to, employees can engage in partial strike activities as long as they violate no court order but are subject
to permanent replacement in limited circumstances. These decisions, the authors submit, fail to take account of Supreme Court
decsions since the 1930s that some economic pressures by unions, such as slowdowns and sitins, may not violate the labor laws
but nor are they protected by those laws so as to immunize partial strikers from employer discipline. These decisions are
not based on unique features of the NLRA. Rather, they give recognition to the background assumptions of Congress that employers
may act to protect their property interests as long as they do not run afoul of NLRA or RLA protections and that employees
who engage in partial-strike activities are subject to employer discipline even where not strictly necessary to maintain operations.
Moreover, these tactics skew the bargaining process by giving employees an essentially risk-free gambit to pressure their
economic position through planned disruption of carrier operations.
Professor Estreicher is also labor and employment counsel to O’Melveny & Myers, LLP. The views expressed herein are the authors’
and should not be attributed to any organization. Hannah Breshin and Tom Jerman of O’Melveny & Myers, assisted the authors
with this article. We also thank Professor Herbert Northrup for his helpful comments. 相似文献
4.
本文报道了在LRH-250E型培养箱中对平均尾重0.2g和1.2g的虎鲨进行温度耐受性试验,并对均重1.2g的虎鲨做了pH耐受性研究。结果表明:尾重O.2g的虎鲨在驯化温度为20℃时,水温突变引起的致死高温为41℃,致死低温为14℃;尾重1.2g虎鲨在驯化温度为24℃时,水温突变引起的致死高温是42℃,致死低温为14.5℃。尾重1.2g虎鲨能够耐受的pH值其上限是11.51,下限是2.52。 相似文献
5.
黄枬森 《北京林业大学学报(社会科学版)》2002,1(4):1-11
该文以唯物史观为指导,阐明了马克思主义文化理论、中国现代文化的形成和中国先进文化的发展方向.作者认为文化是人类社会在经济、政治、精神上的反映,包括意识形态和其他一切精神活动及其产物,对经济、政治又具有强大的反作用.中国现代社会主义文化是由农业封建主义文化在近百年的经济、政治发展的基础上逐渐演变而成的,它的前进方向是面向现代化、面向世界、面向未来的民族的、科学的、大众的社会主义文化. 相似文献
6.
Astrid Orthey 《Gruppendynamik und Organisationsberatung》2005,36(1):23-32
How are social networks organized and how much structure and openess do they have? The ambiguity of networking and the grade of organization are discussed and described theoretically and with an authentic example. 相似文献
7.
乔金茹 《郑州大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2002,35(3):106-109
我国律师业的对外交流和逐步融入国际律师业已成为历史的趋势 ,这给中国律师业带来了良好的发展机遇 ,但中国律师制度同国际竞争的规则不相适应的诸多问题在很大程度上制约了律师作用的发挥。中国律师必须着眼国际竞争 ,选择优势龙头 ,实行联合重组 ;通过严格的自我教育和自我约束 ,从总体上提升自己的品位和素质 相似文献
8.
以人为本的科技管理模式与构建 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
运用人本管理理论,在分析目前高校科技管理存在问题基础上,探析了知识经济时代以人为本的科技管理的内容与模式,包括中心型、激励型、机制型、多赢型的人本管理模式,并据此提出了一系列构建措施。 相似文献
9.
10.
基于网络环境下的研究性学习是目前研究性学习与信息技术的整合 ,尤其是与互联网技术整合的崭新课题 ,是当今国际教学改革的一个“亮点” ,探讨网络环境下中学政治课研究性教学模式的新课题。 相似文献