中日大学生及父母的赡养意识

本研究旨在分析中日两国两代人之间赡养父母意识的异同。采用赡养父母意识量表,测量了中国大学生及父母(大学生959人、其父母707人)和日本大学生及父母(大学生636人、其父母368人)的父母赡养意识。结果发现:中国大学生和父母在"与父母同住意识"和"赡养父母意识"上显著高于日本;日本大学生更多地选择"自宅死";中国父母、日本大学生和日本父母的手段性赡养意识显著低于情绪性赡养意识,其中日本父母的手段性赡养意识在各组中最低。     

论日本现代文学1987年的“转型”

1987年,日本文坛"被动姿态"作家吉本芭娜娜、村上春树,"主动姿态"作家大江健三郎发表了战后文学史上具有文学"转型"意义、三人三色的力作,陷入困境的日本文学进入新阶段,出现文学的"主动姿态的丧失"现象,"被动姿态"作家渐成主流.大江全力对抗由村上春树和吉本芭娜娜代表的"表层的、风俗的"文学,追求文学"根据地"建设,当代日本文坛形成两大谱系.     

Average-case competitive analyses for one-way trading

Consider a trader who exchanges one dollar into yen and assume that the exchange rate fluctuates within the interval [m,M]. The game ends without advance notice, then the trader is forced to exchange all the remaining dollars at the minimum rate m. El-Yaniv et al. presented the optimal worst-case threat-based strategy for this game (El-Yaniv et al. 2001). In this paper, under the assumption that the distribution of the maximum exchange rate is known, we provide average-case analyses using all the reasonable optimization measures and derive different optimal strategies for each of them. Remarkable differences in behavior are as follows: Unlike other strategies, the average-case threat-based strategy that minimizes E[OPT/ALG] exchanges little by little. The maximization of E[ALG/OPT] and the minimization of E[OPT]/E[ALG] lead to similar strategies in that both exchange all at once. However, their timing is different. We also prove minimax theorems with respect to each objective function.     

Regression Models With Parametrically Weighted Explanatory Variables

This paper describes linear regression models with parametrically weighted explanatory variables and related logistic regression models that estimate parameters characterizing (1) the effects of weighted variables on the dependent variable and (2) weights for the components of weighted variables. The models also characterize parsimoniously the interaction effects between weighted variables and covariates on the dependent variable by the use of various constraints on parameters. In particular, the models are concerned with testing the significance of variation with covariates in the weights of weighted variables separately from the significance of variation with those covariates in the effects of weighted variables.
The usefulness of these models in sociological research is demonstrated by an illustrative analysis of the class identifications of married working women using education, occupational prestige, and income as three variables weighted between own and spousal attributes, and using year, age, race, part–time–full–time distinction, and employment status as covariates.     

A mathematical model of the food-consumer system I. A case without food replenishment

Summary A simple mathematical model was proposed to describe the dynamics of a food-consumer system. The model was based on the Logistic Theory and consisted of Eqs. (4), (5) and (6). The model was divided into the following three cases for further analyss; i) without food supply except at the initial time, ii) with continuous food supply at a constant rate, and iii) with food supply at varying rates. Only the first model was dealth with in this paper. The assumptions of the model 1 are that a definite amount of food is given only once at the initial time and only the feeding by animals is responsible for the decrease of food, and that the rate of decrease is proportional to the amount of animals. It is also assumed that the growth of animal population is represented by the logistic curve, and that the upper limit of the population is proportional to the amount of food at that time. For simplicity the parameters of basic differential equations are assumed to be constant throughout the time course. Analytical solutions of this non-linear model were given by Eqs. (8), (9), (10) and (11). The properties of time course of the food amount and consumer population were discussed from the mathematical and biological points of view. The method of the estimation of the three constants λ,b, andc from the experimental data was also suggested. Since we had no available data for animal populations, we applied the model, regarding reserve substance asx and new plant body asy, to the data of the initial growth of Azuki bean plant in the dark. This model is very simple, but it may be useful for analyzing the behavior of food-consumer system. And it may give some clue to the analysis of the more complex systems.     

Public Spheres of Social Stratification

Abstract  The story of Class was ended. This is the end of the conceptualization of class as a historical and political agent, whereas stratification as a hierarchy for individual achievement still exists. The death of class means a liberation of social thoughts from the inclination to justify violence, oppression, or even genocide for the sake of history and justice. At the same time, however, it eliminates one major public framework on which we may formulate and think about public goods. Liberal egalitarian moral philosophies by Rawls, Dworkin or Sen have emerged just at around the time when the story of class was approaching an end. They substituted the old socialistic egalitarianism and were intended to establish a new public sphere of social stratification. However, Rawls' and Dworkin's theories are foundationalistic and timeless, and hence destined to failure. This paper presents a provisional scheme for public philosophy of social stratification, by which social stratification is ethically interrogated and given a chance to produce public values.     

Black–white differences in social mobility in the past 30 years: A latent-class regression analysis

This article presents an analysis of racial differences in intergenerational occupational mobility using a novel latent-class regression model. The model distinguishes mobility patterns by membership in four latent classes, which are labeled as the “stable middle” class, the “downwardly mobile” (DM) class, the “upwardly mobile” (UM) class, and the “stable working” (SW) class, and this distinction provides new substantive insights into mobility analysis. Compared with whites, blacks are shown to be disadvantaged in two of the three elements of mobility chances that the distinction of these four latent classes identifies: a disadvantage coming from their poor status backgrounds, and a disadvantage coming from a significantly smaller chance of experiencing upward mobility than whites. On the other hand, blacks are not significantly more likely than whites to experience downward mobility. Changes in the black–white differences in mobility chances are also analyzed.     

Accelerated Failure–Time Mover–Stayer Regression Models for the Analysis of Last–Episode Data

This article introduces new models for the analysis of last–episode data—that is, data about the timing of the last occurrence of a repeatable event. The new models are elaborations and extensions of a particular model for backward recurrence times from a renewal process introduced by Allison (1985) , and they are accelerated failure–time mover–stayer regression models that permit the separation of covariate effects on event timing from those on event occurrence. Using the data of last residential move from the 1990 Census of Population and Housing, an application of the models, which are found to fit the data adequately, shows distinct patterns in the effects of home ownership, gender, race/ethnicity, education, marital experience, and age group on residential mobility. The patterns differ regarding the relative importance and direction of influence between the effects on the duration of residence in the same house or apartment and the effects on the lifetime probability of not experiencing any residential move.     

The Impact of Ovarian Cancer on Life Expectancy in Japan

The purpose of this study was to determine how life expectancy is modified by ovarian cancer from 1950-2000. The contributions of ovarian cancer to life expectancy were estimated. The age characteristics of ovarian cancer were detected using the Gompertz relational mortality model. The patterns between years of potential life lost (YPLL) and mortality were obtained by fitting a linear regression equation to the natural logarithm of their ratios. YPLLs are substantially higher in Ireland than in Japan. However, the rates of change were much higher in Japan than in Ireland. YPLLs changed from 0.02 year in 1950 to 0.12 year in 2000. In Japan, there was a sixfold increase in the proportion of YPLLs for death from ovarian cancer relative to those for death from gynaecological cancers during the last half century. The impact of ovarian cancer on life expectancy clearly increased and the age-specific mortality tend to ageing.