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11.
April Mills Tessa Francis Vivek Shandas Kara Whittaker Jessica K. Graybill 《Urban Ecosystems》2009,12(2):157-175
Urban development has profound impacts on ecological patterns and processes making the scientific information required for
developing environmental ordinances central for mitigating these negative ecological impacts. Washington State requires that
planners use the best available science (BAS) to formulate land use ordinances as part of the state’s Growth Management Act
(GMA). We present empirical findings describing challenges to planners in defining “best available science” and using BAS
to create local ordinances that balance development needs with natural resource protection. We interviewed city and county
planners (and their consultants) in western Washington to determine what they find useful about BAS, whether or not BAS is
applicable to their jurisdictions, and what constraints they experience in reviewing and using BAS to create or update their
land use ordinances. Our results suggest that applying the BAS requirement is particularly difficult in urban areas. Specifically,
planners had difficulty applying results from research conducted in systems dissimilar to their urban landscapes. These challenges
to planners were exacerbated by (1) a lack of resources and (2) political tensions among stakeholders with competing values
in urban settings. We conclude with recommendations for improving the consideration of science in statewide land-use planning. 相似文献
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Application of Executive Order 12898 to risk assessment of highway or rail transport of hazardous materials has proven difficult; in general, the location and conditions affecting the propagation of a plume of hazardous material released in a potential accident are unknown. Therefore, analyses have only been possible in a geographically broad or approximate manner. The advent of geographic information systems and development of software enhancements at Sandia National Laboratories have made kilometer-by-kilometer analysis of populations tallied by U.S. Census blocks along entire routes practicable. Tabulations of total or racially/ethnically distinct populations close to a route, its alternatives, or the broader surrounding area, can then be compared and differences evaluated statistically. This article presents methods of comparing populations and their racial/ethnic compositions using simple tabulations, histograms, and chi-square tests for statistical significance of differences found. Two examples of these methods are presented: comparison of two routes and comparison of a route with its surroundings. 相似文献
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Recent criticisms have led some to dismiss time-series analyses in the debate over the minimum wage. We investigate previous
time-series studies showing that raising the minimum wage has a smaller impact on females than males. We reanalyze the data
in light of recent developments in time-series methods and find that the minimum wage has a similar significant negative impact
on both males and females. We conclude that, following a 10 percent increase in the minimum wage, both male and female employment
drops from between 2 and 4 percent over a two-year period. This employment decrease slowly erodes as economic growth and inflation
cause the minimum wage to fall below the market-clearing wage.
We thank David Card and Alan Krueger for generously providing the data. 相似文献
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Hans-Peter Blossfeld Sandra Buchholz Dirk Hofäcker Heather Hofmeister Karin Kurz Melinda Mills 《KZfSS K?lner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie》2007,59(4):667-691
This article deals with the effects of globalization on individual life courses and employment careers and the resulting changes in patterns of social inequality in modern societies. Empirically, we draw back to results from the international research project GLOBALIFE which studied the effects of globalization on modern life courses for the first time. The results show that the effects of globalization on individual life courses show marked differentiation with regards to specific life course phases: while especially the employment of mid-career men remained considerably stable under globalization, the careers of young adults, mid-career women as well as late-career workers underwent significant alterations. At the same time, results from the GLOABLIFE study indicate that the changes induced by globalization have not yet led to identical results at the national level. Globalization appears to be differentially filtered by deeply embedded and path-dependent national institutions. These “institutional packages” entail variable forms of labour market “flexibilisation” which themselves differentially shape patterns of social inequality in modern societies: While Scandinavian countries have largely succeeded in limiting an increase in social inequality under globalization through active public welfare engagement, globalization has led to a significant amplification of social inequalities in other regime types, either between labour market insiders and outsiders (in conservative and Southern European countries) or between individuals with different human capital resources (in liberal countries). 相似文献
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Socioeconomic Strain,Family Ties,and Adolescent Health in a Rural Northeastern County 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
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Karen T. Van Gundy Meghan L. Mills Corinna Jenkins Tucker Cesar J. Rebellon Erin Hiley Sharp Nena F. Stracuzzi 《Rural sociology》2015,80(1):60-85
In adolescence, vital sources of support come from family relationships; however, research that considers the health‐related impact of ties to both parents and siblings is sparse, and the utility of such ties among at‐risk teens is not well understood. Here we use two waves of panel data from the population of 8th and 12th grade students in a geographically isolated, rural, northeastern U.S. county to assess whether socioeconomic status (SES) moderates the effects of parental and sibling attachments on three indicators of adolescent health: obesity, depression, and problem substance use. Our findings indicate that, net of stressful life events, prior health, and sociodemographic controls, increases in parental and sibling attachment correspond with reduced odds of obesity for low‐SES adolescents, reduced odds of depression for high‐SES adolescents, and reduced odds of problem substance use for low‐SES adolescents. Results suggest also that sibling and maternal ties are more influential than paternal ties, at least with regard to the outcomes considered. Overall, the findings highlight the value of strong family ties for the physical, psychological, and behavioral health of socioeconomically strained rural teens, and reveal the explanatory potential of both sibling and parental ties for adolescent health. 相似文献
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