试论语用原则在听力教学中的应用

听力课教学是整个英语语言教学中不容忽视的重要环节。本文对在听力教学过程中语用原则的应用作了初步探讨,以求解决一些外语教学中长期存在的问题。全文以合作原则在听力教学中对会话含义的推导作用为中心,提示了人们在会话中都不同程度地遵守语用原则,因而掌握好语用原则有助于听力教学水平的提高。     

权力观念的历史变迁

人类文明由传统社会发展到现代社会的过程中,人们对政治权力的认知与态度实现了以下四种转化;（1）从统治型权力观到服务型权力观;（2）从单向性权力观到双向性权力观;（3）从全能权力观到有限权力观;（4）从强制性权力观到说服性权力观。     

如何实现西部大开发宁夏优先发展的调查分析

面对在西部大开发中所处的劣势地位,宁夏首先要更新观念,创造新优势,解决好人才问题、资金问题、体制创新和科技创新,并重点抓好事关全局的核心问题,以实现“西部大开发,宁夏要争先”的战略目标。     

加入WTO对南京市农业的影响及对策

一、加入ＷＴＯ对南京市主要农业产业的影响 （一）对粮、油类产业的影响 １．稻谷 南京市稻谷年产量约１４０万吨,占粮食总产量的７８％。与国外市场相比,南京市的粳稻价格与国外大致相近,南京市粳稻的市场价格为６９．８３元／５０公斤,国际市场粳稻价格为６９．２１元／５０公斤（按１：８．２汇率折算）,与南京市粳稻的价格相差不远,如加上关税、运费等费用,将高于南京市的市场价格。因此,仅从价格角度考虑,在加入ＷＴＯ之后的一段时期内,南京市的稻谷所受影响并不太大。但稻谷生产上处于比较劣势,目前这种较低的价格部分是…     

绿色国际贸易与绿色国际贸易壁垒

可持续发展正日益成为当今社会的主旋律,它影响着人类社会经济生活的方方面面,国际贸 易也不例外。可持续性国际贸易（又称绿色贸易）的核心是环境与自然资源保护。绿色贸易是有条件的, 不应一概把这些条件视为壁垒,但条件需有度,过度即成壁垒。在国际市场处于劣势地位的发展中国家 必须迎接绿色经济的挑战,在保护自身正当权益的同时,使本国发展顺应可持续发展的历史潮流。     

论统计泄露控制问题

一、背景统计泄露控制 (ＳｔａｔｉｓｔｉｃａｌＤｉｓｃｌｏｓｕｒｅＣｏｎｔｒｏｌ)是指统计部门在为社会提供的统计资料中 ,不泄露任一单个个体 (如住户 ,企业等 )的资料。这里有两层意思 ,一层是统计泄露的问题 ,另一层是控制方法的问题 ,两者是密不可分的。世界上有关统计泄露控制的研究已有 2 0多年的历史 ,有专门的人员、项目、机构来从事这个问题的研究。1 统计泄露控制的需求众所周知 ,统计部门对外公布的资料 ,基本上来说有两种 ,即汇总 (综合 )资料和微观资料 (调查单位原始资料 )。事实上 ,原始数据是汇总数据的原材料 ,在计算…     

Cox regression of clustered event times with covariates missing not at random

Motivated by a recent tuberculosis (TB) study, this paper is concerned with covariates missing not at random (MNAR) and models the potential intracluster correlation by a frailty. We consider the regression analysis of right‐censored event times from clustered subjects under a Cox proportional hazards frailty model and present the semiparametric maximum likelihood estimator (SPMLE) of the model parameters. An easy‐to‐implement pseudo‐SPMLE is then proposed to accommodate more realistic situations using readily available supplementary information on the missing covariates. Algorithms are provided to compute the estimators and their consistent variance estimators. We demonstrate that both the SPMLE and the pseudo‐SPMLE are consistent and asymptotically normal by the arguments based on the theory of modern empirical processes. The proposed approach is examined numerically via simulation and illustrated with an analysis of the motivating TB study data.     

Checking validity of monotone domain mean estimators

Estimates of population characteristics such as domain means are often expected to follow monotonicity assumptions. Recently, a method to adaptively pool neighbouring domains was proposed, which ensures that the resulting domain mean estimates follow monotone constraints. The method leads to asymptotically valid estimation and inference, and can lead to substantial improvements in efficiency, in comparison with unconstrained domain estimators. However, assuming incorrect shape constraints may lead to biased estimators. Here, we develop the Cone Information Criterion for Survey Data as a diagnostic method to measure monotonicity departures on population domain means. We show that the criterion leads to a consistent methodology that makes an asymptotically correct decision choosing between unconstrained and constrained domain mean estimators. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 47: 315–331; 2019 © 2019 Statistical Society of Canada     

Maternal Postpartum Depression Increases Vulnerability for Toddler Behavior Problems through Infant Cortisol Reactivity

The current study examined the role of hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal reactivity (a physiological indicator of stress) in early infancy as a mediator of the relationship between maternal postpartum depression and toddler behavior problems. Participants were 137 at‐risk mothers and their children participating in a longitudinal study of intergenerational transmission of risk. Mothers’ depression was measured five times during the infants’ first 18 months. Infant cortisol was collected during a social stressor (the still‐face paradigm) when infants were 6 months old, and mothers reported on toddlers’ internalizing and externalizing symptoms at 18 months. Among this sample of high‐risk mother–infant dyads, early postpartum depression predicted atypical infant cortisol reactivity at 6 months, which mediated the effect of maternal depression on increased toddler behavior problems. Clinical implications are discussed.