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The Happiness Scale Interval Study deals with survey questions on happiness, using verbal response options, such as ‘very
happy’ and ‘pretty happy’. The aim is to estimate what degrees of happiness are denoted by such terms in different questions
and languages. These degrees are expressed in numerical values on a continuous [0,10] scale, which are then used to compute
‘transformed’ means and standard deviations. Transforming scores on different questions to the same scale allows to broadening
the World Database of Happiness considerably. The central purpose of the Happiness Scale Interval Study is to identify the
happiness values at which respondents change their judgment from e.g. ‘very happy’ to ‘pretty happy’ or the reverse. This
paper deals with the methodological/statistical aspects of this approach. The central question is always how to convert the
frequencies at which the different possible responses to the same question given by a sample into information on the happiness
distribution in the relevant population. The primary (cl)aim of this approach is to achieve this in a (more) valid way. To
this end, a model is introduced that allows for dealing with happiness as a latent continuous random variable, in spite of
the fact that it is measured as a discrete one. The [0,10] scale is partitioned in as many contiguous parts as the number
of possible ratings in the primary scale sums up to. Any subject with a (self-perceived) happiness in the same subinterval
is assumed to select the same response. For the probability density function of this happiness random variable, two options
are discussed. The first one postulates a uniform distribution within each of the different subintervals of the [0,10] scale.
On the basis of these results, the mean value and variance of the complete distribution can be estimated. The method is described,
including the precision of the estimates obtained in this way. The second option assumes the happiness distribution to be
described as a beta distribution on the interval [0,10] with two shape parameters (α and β). From their estimates on the basis
of the primary information, the mean value and the variance of the happiness distribution in the population can be estimated.
An illustration is given in which the method is applied to existing measurement results of 20 surveys in The Netherlands in
the period 1990–2008. The results clarify our recommendation to apply the model with a uniform distribution within each of
the category intervals, in spite of a better validity of the alternative on the basis of a beta distribution. The reason is
that the recommended model allows to construct a confidence interval for the true but unknown population happiness distribution.
The paper ends with a listing of actual and potential merits of this approach, which has been described here for verbal happiness
questions, but which is also applicable to phenomena which are measured along similar lines. 相似文献
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Attention is initially focused on certain pseudo-normal distributions. These are multivariate distributions in which one coordinate variable has a normal distribution and the distribution of the remaining variables is determined by a specific triangular transformation model involving normally distributed components. A remarkably flexible family of models is obtainable in this fashion. Some examples are described. In addition, models involving non-normal component distributions are discussed together with their relationship with those models obtainable by means of the beta-generalized-Rosenblatt construction. Inferential questions regarding these models will be the subject of a separate report. 相似文献
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The present study examines prevalence and correlates of exchanging sex for drugs, money, food shelter, or other favors (sex exchange) among a nationally representative sample of youth and young adults. Adolescents and young adults (n = 11,620, 53% female, 47% male) from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health were used for the current sample. Participants completed in-home interviews at both waves. Results revealed that sex exchange was reported by 4.9% (n = 569) of the population in wave 2 or wave 3, and 4.6% (n = 26) of those who exchanged sex did so at both waves. More males reported exchanging sex than females (n = 332 versus n = 237). Respondents who reported child sexual abuse were more likely to exchange sex (95% CI 2.51–4.28, p < .05) than respondents who reported any other form of child abuse. Both males and females who engaged in sex exchange were at greater risk for sexually transmitted infections; however, the odds of ever exchanging sex were highest among males who ever had gonorrhea (OR = 6.2; 95% CI 3.75–10.3). Although sex exchange has been studied extensively among homeless and runaway youth, the current study reveals sex exchange also occurs in the general population. 相似文献
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What is a good measure for happiness inequality? In the context of this question, we have developed an approach in which individual happiness values in a sample are considered as elements of a set and inequality as a binary relation on that set. The total number of inequality relations, each weighed by the distance on the scale of measurement between the pair partners, has been adopted as an indicator for the inequality of the distribution as a whole. For models in which the happiness occurs as a continuous latent variable, an analogous approach has been developed on the basis of differentials. In principle, this fundamental approach results in a (zero) minimum value, and, more importantly, also in a maximum value. In the case where happiness is measured using a k-points scale, the maximum inequality is obtained if all ½N sample members select the lowest possible rating (Eq. 1) and the other ½N the highest possible one (k). This finding even applies to the truly ordinal case, i.e., if the distances between the successive ratings on the scale are unknown. It is, however, impossible to quantify the inequality of some measured sample distribution, unless all distances of the k categories of the scale of measurement are known or at least estimated, either on an empirical basis or on the basis of assumptions. In general, the numerical application of the method to continuous distributions is very complicated. An exploration on the basis of a relatively simple model with a linear probability density function suggests that the inequality of a beta probability distribution with shape parameters a and b increases as the value of these parameters decreases. A contour plot, obtained by numerical integration, demonstrates this relationship in a quantitative way. This approach is applicable to judge the aptness of common statistics of dispersion, among which the standard deviation and the Gini coefficient. The former is shown to be more appropriate than the latter for measuring inequality of happiness within nations. 相似文献
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Public Organization Review - This paper focuses on the contribution provided by stakeholder analysis to local strategic planning. The aim of the paper is to deal with the issue, emerging from both... 相似文献
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Incidence des envois de fonds: une analyse à partir du cas de saisonniers mexicains employés au Canada
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À partir d'une enquête menée auprès de saisonniers mexicains au Canada, les auteurs construisent un modèle à équations simultanées reposant sur la méthode des triples moindres carrés. Ils montrent que les envois de fonds ont un effet positif sur l'investissement agricole, et donc sur le revenu agricole au Mexique. Cet effet s'étend au revenu non agricole du fait d'une diversification des activités et des investissements des migrants. Ces résultats confirment la thèse de la nouvelle économie de la migration de travail: les envois de fonds contribuent effectivement au développement économique en donnant aux petits exploitants les liquidités qui leur manquent pour investir. 相似文献