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61.
Dan Cornford Lehel Csató David J. Evans Manfred Opper 《Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B, Statistical methodology》2004,66(3):609-626
Summary. The retrieval of wind vectors from satellite scatterometer observations is a non-linear inverse problem. A common approach to solving inverse problems is to adopt a Bayesian framework and to infer the posterior distribution of the parameters of interest given the observations by using a likelihood model relating the observations to the parameters, and a prior distribution over the parameters. We show how Gaussian process priors can be used efficiently with a variety of likelihood models, using local forward (observation) models and direct inverse models for the scatterometer. We present an enhanced Markov chain Monte Carlo method to sample from the resulting multimodal posterior distribution. We go on to show how the computational complexity of the inference can be controlled by using a sparse, sequential Bayes algorithm for estimation with Gaussian processes. This helps to overcome the most serious barrier to the use of probabilistic, Gaussian process methods in remote sensing inverse problems, which is the prohibitively large size of the data sets. We contrast the sampling results with the approximations that are found by using the sparse, sequential Bayes algorithm. 相似文献
62.
Manfred Gärtner 《Journal of Labor Research》1985,6(3):323-336
This paper advances and analyzes a simple model of industrial conflict and pay dynamics. In addition to its account of these
endogenous variables, the model exhibits a potential to account for stagflationary episodes of the type experienced by large
parts of the world economy in the 1970s. The analysis also contributes to a central but still unsettled question in business
cycle theory (and empirics): namely, whether real-wage movements respond systematically to fluctuations in employment and
output. With some success the model is applied to the West German economy.
Institut für Sozialwissenschaften, University of Basel. I should like to thank Peter Bernholz for comments on an earlier draft
of this paper. Financial support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft is gratefully acknowledged.
More recent contributions to this discussion are Scarth and Myatt (1980) and McDonald and Solow (1981). 相似文献
63.
With the help of data obtained from open-endedinterviews conducted with the various stakeholders indownsizing operations and applied within a clinicalframework, individual reaction patterns are explored in the victims, the survivors (those stayingwith a company after layoffs), and theexecutioners (those responsible for theimplementation of downsizing). Special emphasis is givento the reactions of the executives implementing the downsizingoperation. Among this group of people, a number of waysof coping can be discerned, described ascompulsive/ritualistic, abrasive, dissociative,alexithymic/anhedonic, and depressive. The article ends with a numberof practical recommendations about how to facilitate thedownsizing process. From the interviews conducted, itappears that downsizing, in the more narrow sense of the word, can be a quite destructiveprocess. Reframing the concept so that downsizing isviewed as a continuous process of corporatetransformation and change, a way to plan for thecontinuity of the organization, seems to be a moreconstructive approach. 相似文献
64.
The “Three Waves” of Industrial Group Work: Historical Reflections on Current Research on Group Work
This paper deals with the three waves of the discourse on group work in social science and industrial practice that have helped pave the way for the current boom in the introduction of group work in companies. These waves are represented by the human relations approach, the sociotechnical systems approach, and the lean management debate. They are reviewed in two perspectives. The first relates to their concepts of work design and group work, following four questions: (a) What emphasis is put on work factors or on subjective orientations, on the design of working conditions or symbolic strategies? (b) How do the various approaches address the relationship between efficiency and control? (c) Which concepts of participation or democracy are involved? (d) How is the role of the social scientist in the process of industrial modernization conceptualized, explicitly or implicitly? The second perspective from a sociology of science relates to the context of production and utilization of social scientific knowledge. In general, two theses are put forward. The first states that a gap exists between the aspirations and reality of group work because the basic conflict of efficiency and control has been overlooked for ideological reasons. The second postulates that there is no linear progress in the theory and practice of group work. It seems that the socioeconomical context determines reasonably which group concept and ideology dominates certain historical phases of industrial modernization. 相似文献
65.
Manfred Nermuth 《Social Choice and Welfare》1992,9(2):99-116
Motivated by certain paradoxa that have been discussed in the literature (Ostrogorski paradox), we prove an impossibility theorem for two-stage aggregation procedures for discrete data. We consider aggregation procedures of the following form: The whole population is partitioned into subgroups. First we aggregate over each subgroup, and in a second step we aggregate the subgroup aggregates to obtain a total aggregate. The data are either dichotomous (1 — 0; yes-no) or take values in a finite ordered set of possible attributes (e.g., exam grades A, B,...F). Examples are given by multistage voting procedures (indirect democracy, federalism), or by the forming of partial grades and overall grades in academic examinations and similar evaluation problems (sports competitions, consumer reports). It is well known from standard examples that the result of such a two-stage aggregation procedure depends, in general, not only on the distribution of attributes in the whole population, but also on how the attributes are distributed across the various subgroups (in other words: how the subgroups are defined). This dependence leads to certain paradoxa. The main result of the present paper is that these paradoxa are not due to the special aggregation rules employed in the examples, but are unavoidable in principle, provided the aggregators satisfy certain natural assumptions. More precisely: the only aggregator functions for which the result of a two-stage (a fortiori: multi-stage) aggregation does not depend on the partitioning are degenerate aggregators of the following form: there exists a partial order (dominance) on the set of possible attributes such that the aggregate over any collection of data is always equal to the supremum (w.r.t. dominance) of the attributes occurring in the data, regardless of the relative frequnencies of these occurrences. In the voting context, degeneracy corresponds to the unanimity principle. Our theorem is true for arbitrary partitionings of arbitrary (finite) sets and generalizes the results of Deb & Kelsey (for the matrix case with dichotomous variables and majority voting) to general two-stage aggregation procedures for attributes belonging to a finite ordered set. The general result is illustrated by some examples.This paper was completed during a visit to the University of Bielefeld. I am much indebted to the Faculty of Economics there for its hospitality; in particular I should like to thank Gerhard Schwödiauer and Walter Trockel for their support. 相似文献
66.
67.
José M. Alonso-Meijide Balbina Casas-Méndez Gloria Fiestras-Janeiro Manfred J. Holler Andreas Nohn 《Social Choice and Welfare》2010,35(3):517-533
We provide axiomatizations for six variants of the Public Good Index (PGI) for games with a priori unions. Two such coalitional
PGIs have been introduced and alternatively axiomatized in Alonso-Meijide et al. (Working paper 18, 2008b). They assign power
in two steps. In the first step, power is distributed between unions according to the PGI of the quotient game. In a second
step, the Solidarity PGI splits power equally among union members while the Owen Extended PGI takes into account so-called
essential parts. The other four coalitional PGIs have been introduced in Holler and Nohn (Homo Oeconomicus 26, 2009). The
first variant elaborates the original idea of Holler (Political Studies 30:262–271, 1982) that the coalitional value is a
public good and only minimal winning coalitions of the quotient game are relevant. The remaining three variants also use the
two-step distribution where, however, on the member stage they take into account the possibilities of players to threaten
their partners through leaving their union. 相似文献
68.
Prof. Dr. Manfred Bruhn Dipl.-Rom. Verena Batt Prof. Dr. Karsten Hadwich Dr. Sandrina Meldau 《Zeitschrift für Betriebswirtschaft》2010,80(4):351-382
The study shows that customers’ perception of overall quality in services centers is driven by two components: the service encounter quality and the quality of the servicecape. Thus, customers’ overall evaluation of service quality in a services center is a function of n service encounter qualities (k?=?1…n) and the quality of the servicecape. Furthermore, it is of great importance for the quality management of a services center that there could be (1) direct effects between the quality dimensions and the overall service quality as well as (2) direct effects between the quality dimensions themselves. The above mentioned study had been carried out exemplarily at the EuroAirport Basel-Mulhouse-Freiburg. The survey results suggest that servicecape quality has a significant effect both on the overall service quality and on the service encounter qualities. Moreover, the study shows that key quality indicators of the service center apply to the perception of security as well as to the service environment (for instance, arrangement of check-in/security desk, comfort of seats, ambience of waiting area). 相似文献
69.
Justin Lin Clestin Monga Dirk Willem te Velde Suresh D. Tendulkar Alice Amsden K. Y. Amoako Howard Pack Wonhyuk Lim 《Development policy review : the journal of the Overseas Development Institute》2011,29(3):259-310
This DPR Debate is based on the contribution by Justin Lin, Chief Economist at the World Bank, and his colleague Célestin Monga, on ‘Growth Identification and Facilitation: The Role of the State in the Dynamics of Structural Change’. The article under consideration is important and timely as it articulates a number of new policy implications from Justin Lin's earlier work on New Structural Economics, which was discussed in a previous DPR debate (Lin and Chang, 2009). This symposium contains the article and comments on it from five distinguished specialists, and closes with a rejoinder by Lin and Monga. This introduction discusses the article, the comments and the rejoinder. The historical record indicates that, in all successful economies, the state has always played an important role in facilitating structural change and helping the private sector sustain it across time. This article puts forward a new approach to help policy‐makers in developing countries identify those industries that may hold latent comparative advantage, and recommends ways of removing binding constraints to facilitate private firms' entry into those industries. Two types of government interventions are distinguished: first, policies that facilitate structural change by overcoming information, co‐ordination and externality issues, which are intrinsic to industrial upgrading and diversification; and second, policies aimed at protecting certain selected firms and industries that defy the comparative advantage determined by the existing endowment structure. 相似文献
70.
Dr. Gero Lenhardt Dr. Manfred Stock 《KZfSS K?lner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie》2000,52(3):520-540
The universities in the Federal Republic of Germany are expanding more or less continuously since the 1950s; the expansion of those in the German Democratic Republic, by contrast, stagnated since 1971. The two patterns of educational development are due to different normative concepts of the social order. Educational policy in socialist East Germany gave institutional expression to the belief in objective laws of social development and hence in an objective demand for highly qualified manpower. In this normative context higher education took on a particular meaning and functions, provoked serious social conflicts and was finally reduced by political decree. In the Federal Republic, by contrast, freedom of educational and occupational choice prevailed, and the former elitist academic education was popularized. At the same time the culture of professionalism expanded in the world of work. In this process higher education turned into a matter of universal social interest. 相似文献