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261.
Bridget J. Goosby Anna Bellatorre Katrina M. Walsemann Jacob E. Cheadle 《Sociological inquiry》2013,83(4):505-536
The health consequence of loneliness in the early life course is an understudied topic in the sociological literature. Using data from Waves 1–3 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we examine pre‐disease pathways in the relationship between adolescent loneliness and early adult health. Our results indicate that loneliness during adolescence is associated with diagnosed depression, poorer adult self‐rated health, and metabolic risk factors related to cardiovascular disease. High depressive symptoms and parent support are important pathways through which the health consequences of loneliness are exacerbated or offset. There is also evidence that lonely youth remain at higher risk for experiencing adult depression and poor self‐rated health even in the presence of equivalent levels of parental support relative to non‐lonely adolescents. Furthermore, lonely adolescent females are more vulnerable to reporting poor adult self‐rated health and being overweight or obese in adulthood. In sum, our study demonstrates the importance of adolescent loneliness for elevating the risk of poor health outcomes in adulthood. 相似文献
262.
Jacob Ari Labendz 《East European Jewish Affairs》2013,43(1):63-85
Israel and the USSR—An Exercise in Palm‐Reading. Arthur Jay Klinghoffer, with Judith Apter. Israel and the Soviet Union: Alienation or Reconciliation? Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1985. 303pp. Index. Finding a New World. Victor Ripp, From Moscow to Main Street: Among the Russian Emigrés. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1984. 247pp. The Jewish Contribution to Soviet Culture. Jack Miller (ed.). Jews in Soviet Culture. New Brunswick (US) and London (UK): Transaction Books for the Institute of Jewish Affairs, 1984. viii + 331 pp. Tables. Name Index. $24.95; £18.00. Reassessing a Difficult Relationship. Howard Aster, Peter J. Potichnyj. Jewish‐Ukrainian Relations. Two Solitudes. Oakville, Ontario, Canada: Mosaic Press, 1983. 72pp. No price indicated. Dissent—No Isolated Phenomenon. Ludmilla Alexeyeva. Soviet Dissent: Contemporary Movements for National, Religious, and Human Rights. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press, 1985. xxii + 552pp. Index. £32.95, $35.00. 相似文献
263.
ABSTRACT. We present a new method for estimating the edge of a two-dimensional bounded set, given a finite random set of points drawn from the interior. The estimator is based both on Haar series and extreme values of the point process. We give conditions for various kind of convergence and we obtain remarkably different possible limit distributions. We propose a method of reducing the negative bias, illustrated by a simulation. 相似文献
264.
We used data from the study of Marital Instability Over the Life Course to examine links between divorce in the grandparent generation and outcomes in the grandchild generation (N= 691). Divorce in the first (G1) generation was associated with lower education, more marital discord, weaker ties with mothers, and weaker ties with fathers in the third (G3) generation. These associations were mediated by family characteristics in the middle (G2) generation, including lower education, more marital discord, more divorce, and greater tension in early parent‐child relationships. In supplementary analyses, we found no evidence that the estimated effects of divorce differed by offspring gender or became weaker over time. Our results suggest that divorce has consequences for subsequent generations, including individuals who were not yet born at the time of the original divorce. 相似文献
265.
Regression coefficients specify the partial effect of a regressor on the dependent variable. Sometimes the bivariate or limited multivariate relationship of that regressor variable with the dependent variable is known from population‐level data. We show here that such population‐level data can be used to reduce variance and bias about estimates of those regression coefficients from sample survey data. The method of constrained MLE is used to achieve these improvements. Its statistical properties are first described. The method constrains the weighted sum of all the covariate‐specific associations (partial effects) of the regressors on the dependent variable to equal the overall association of one or more regressors, where the latter is known exactly from the population data. We refer to those regressors whose bivariate or limited multivariate relationships with the dependent variable are constrained by population data as being "directly constrained." Our study investigates the improvements in the estimation of directly constrained variables as well as the improvements in the estimation of other regressor variables that may be correlated with the directly constrained variables, and thus "indirectly constrained" by the population data. The example application is to the marital fertility of black versus white women. The difference between white and black women's rates of marital fertility, available from population‐level data, gives the overall association of race with fertility. We show that the constrained MLE technique both provides a far more powerful statistical test of the partial effect of being black and purges the test of a bias that would otherwise distort the estimated magnitude of this effect. We find only trivial reductions, however, in the standard errors of the parameters for indirectly constrained regressors. 相似文献
266.
According to Condorcet, the larger the team of decision-makers using the simple majority rule, the more likely they are to
reach correct decisions. This paper examines the validity of this claim under the condition of reduced team competence with
size. Determining committee size always involves quality-versus-quantity dilemma. This study provides criteria, as well as
an algorithm, for deciding on the optimum size of boards and committees.
Received: 18 January 2002/Accepted: 22 April 2002
The authors acknowledge the helpful comments of an anonymous referee. 相似文献
267.
Fermín Mallén Ricardo Chiva Joaquín Alegre Jacob Guinot 《Review of Managerial Science》2016,10(3):463-485
Organizational learning capability is a key element in organizational performance. This issue spurs interest to discover how to generate environments with high organizational learning capability. In this paper, we analyze the relationship between the degree of organicity of the structure, organizational performance and organizational learning capability. A total of 251 firms with demonstrated excellence in human resource management took part in the study. Results suggest that the degree of organicity of the structure has a positive relationship with performance perceptions and this relationship is fully mediated by organizational learning capability. 相似文献
268.
We consider a likelihood approximation in generalized linear mixed-effects models (GLMM) with multilevel nested random effects. Likelihood evaluation in such models is difficult, hindered by the need for high dimensional integration, where the dimension is proportional to the number of units per level and the number of random effects per unit. Various integration approaches have been proposed, including the penalized quasi-likelihood method, Laplace approximation, quadrature approximation, simulation, and MCMC algorithms. We propose a new quadrature approximation method, which is based on the spherical radial integration approach of Monahan and Genz (J Am Stat Assoc 92:664–674 1997), and at the same time takes advantage of the hierarchical structure of the integration. Our new hierarchical spherical radial method has a time complexity that is linear in the number of units per level and the number of random effects per unit, in contrast to the exponential complexity of the adaptive Gaussian quadrature method of Pinheiro and Chao (J Comput Graph Stat 15:58–81 2006) for the same problem. Using a spline approximation, the generalized additive mixed models (GAMM) are GLMMs with two levels of nested random effects. We apply our method to estimation of GAMMs. We compare it with competing methods through simulations and apply our method to analyze virologic and immunologic responses in an AIDS clinical trial. An R package is written and available at http://?users.?wpi.?edu/?~jgagnon/?software.?html. 相似文献
269.
Jacob Kornbeck 《Social Work Education》2013,32(2):247-261
F. Tönnies's 'Gemeinschaft'/'Gesellschaft' dichotomy is discussed as an analytical and explanatory framework for identifying individual social work education modules' relevance to immigrant- and migration-related problems in social work practice. It is claimed that 'Gemeinschaft' (community) skills are especially needed in these practice contexts, as opposed to the more scientific, legal or administrative 'Gesellschaft' (state, society) skills. Two empirical studies from Germany dealing with the necessary competencies for social workers advising immigrants are drawn upon. A variety of other case study material is included to make the point that social workers need 'Gemeinschaft' skills more than has traditionally been assumed. 相似文献
270.
In certain judgmental situations where a “correct” decision is presumed to exist, optimal decision making requires evaluation
of the decision-makers’ capabilities and the selection of the appropriate aggregation rule. The major and so far unresolved
difficulty is the former necessity. This article presents the optimal aggregation rule that simultaneously satisfies these
two interdependent necessary requirements. In our setting, some record of the voters’ past decisions is available, but the
correct decisions are not known. We observe that any arbitrary evaluation of the decision-makers’ capabilities as probabilities
yields some optimal aggregation rule that, in turn, yields a maximum-likelihood estimation of decisional skills. Thus, a skill-evaluation equilibrium can be defined as an evaluation of decisional skills that yields itself as a maximum-likelihood estimation of decisional
skills. We show that such equilibrium exists and offer a procedure for finding one. The obtained equilibrium is locally optimal
and is shown empirically to generally be globally optimal in terms of the correctness of the resulting collective decisions.
Interestingly, under minimally competent (almost symmetric) skill distributions that allow unskilled decision makers, the
optimal rule considerably outperforms the common simple majority rule (SMR). Furthermore, a sufficient record of past decisions
ensures that the collective probability of making a correct decision converges to 1, as opposed to accuracy of about 0.7 under
SMR. Our proposed optimal voting procedure relaxes the fundamental (and sometimes unrealistic) assumptions in Condorcet’s
celebrated theorem and its extensions, such as sufficiently high decision-making quality, skill homogeneity or existence of
a sufficiently large group of decision makers. 相似文献