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121.
The average availability of a repairable system is the expected proportion of time that the system is operating in the interval [0, t]. The present article discusses the nonparametric estimation of the average availability when (i) the data on ‘n’ complete cycles of system operation are available, (ii) the data are subject to right censorship, and (iii) the process is observed upto a specified time ‘T’. In each case, a nonparametric confidence interval for the average availability is also constructed. Simulations are conducted to assess the performance of the estimators. 相似文献
122.
Fernanda De Bastiani Robert A. Rigby Audrey H.M.A. Cysneiros Miguel A. Uribe-Opazo 《Journal of applied statistics》2018,45(1):168-186
This paper describes the modelling and fitting of Gaussian Markov random field spatial components within a Generalized AdditiveModel for Location, Scale and Shape (GAMLSS) model. This allows modelling of any or all the parameters of the distribution for the response variable using explanatory variables and spatial effects. The response variable distribution is allowed to be a non-exponential family distribution. A new package developed in R to achieve this is presented. We use Gaussian Markov random fields to model the spatial effect in Munich rent data and explore some features and characteristics of the data. The potential of using spatial analysis within GAMLSS is discussed. We argue that the flexibility of parametric distributions, ability to model all the parameters of the distribution and diagnostic tools of GAMLSS provide an ideal environment for modelling spatial features of data. 相似文献
123.
Peer interactions in the context of group-level relationships have significant consequences on social adjustment across the lifespan of children and adolescents. Indeed, peer relations change systematically with individuals’ development. This study examined the effect of positive peer interactions measured as peer acceptance on academic achievement during the adolescence developmental stage. Participants were 766 students aged 11–16 years old. Adolescents completed a sociometric measure of peer acceptance. Academic achievement data were obtained from students’ report card grades. Regression analyses indicated that peer acceptance predicted academic achievement, and also a moderation effect was found displaying a higher impact of peer acceptance on academic achievement for younger adolescents than for older adolescents. It is suggested that improving peer relationships within the group, especially at early adolescence, can be a target of intervention to improve academic functioning at school. 相似文献
124.
Blessing M. Chiripanhura Miguel Nio‐Zarazúa 《Development policy review : the journal of the Overseas Development Institute》2016,34(6):763-788
This article examines the impacts of the financial, food and fuel crises on poor and vulnerable households in two states of Nigeria: Lagos and Kano. It uses retrospective household‐level data to analyze the impacts of induced price variability on household welfare. The results indicate that aggregate shocks have significant adverse effects on household consumption, schooling and child labour decisions, with a degree of impact heterogeneity across regions and rural and urban areas of the country. We find that the coping strategies adopted by the poor to deal with the short‐term effects of the crises can lock households in a low‐income equilibrium or poverty trap. Provided that covariate shocks exacerbate these effects, they become central for policy design. 相似文献
125.
This article analyzes the efficiency levels of nonprofit sports clubs through the data envelopment analysis methodology and specifically evaluates how efficient and inefficient clubs perceive the distinct contribution of stakeholders in attaining their respective levels of output efficiency. The results distinguish the varying levels of efficiency between such clubs and highlight significant differences in the roles of the local government and of associations and federations in attaining these efficiency levels. The study further suggests best practices that can be adopted by officials at inefficient clubs toward reducing or eliminating their shortfalls in efficiency. 相似文献
126.
Renata Arrington‐Sanders Anthony Morgan Jessica Oidtman Miguel C. Gomez Adedotun Ogunbajo Maria Trent J. Dennis Fortenberry 《Journal of research on adolescence》2016,26(4):1009-1021
Despite high human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) rates among young Black men who have sex with men (YBMSM), there are limited data about condom use during first same‐sex (FSS). This study sought to understand socio‐contextual factors of 50 YBMSM aged 15–19 years that influenced condom use during FSS. Condom use was influenced by individual, partner, and community factors. Individual factors—recent illness or sexually transmitted infections (STI)—prompted condom use, while frequent HIV testing prompted nonuse. Partner factors—proactive encouragement from partners—prompted condom use, while trust and condom discomfort prompted nonuse. Larger community factors—such as presence of females—were key for use, while limited sexual health information combined with peers who discouraged condoms prompted nonuse. A multilevel approach may be useful in developing sexual health programming for these young men. 相似文献
127.
Single motherhood and children's health 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This analysis employs the recently released Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (hispanic HANES) and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey II (NHANES) to determine the effect of a mother's marital status on her report of her child's health for Mexican-American, black, and non-Hispanic white children aged 6 months to 11 years. The results reveal that single mothers report poorer overall physical health for their children than do mothers in intact marriages. Several social and cultural factors, including marital status, acculturation, and income, affect the accuracy of mother's assessments. The analysis also documented the extensive dependence of single mothers, especially minority-group mothers, on public programs. In summary, a mother's report of her child's health is the result of a complex interaction of cultural, demographic, and social class factors. This analysis revealed that marital status operates differently for 3 racial and ethnic groups, and that poverty and the stresses associated with single motherhood decrease levels of reported health for children. Analysis of a matched sample of Mexican-American children and their mothers revealed that, net of physician's assessment of a child's health, a mother's depression score is among the most significant predictors of her assessment of her child's health. 相似文献
128.
The small-sample behaviour of power-divergence goodness-of-fit statistics with composite hypotheses was evaluated with multinomial models of up to five cells and up to three parameters. Their performance was assessed by comparing asymptotic test sizes with exact test sizes obtained by enumeration in the near right tail, where 1-?∈?(0.90,?0.95], and in the far right tail, where 1-?∈?(0.95,?0.99]. The study addressed all combinations of power-diparse JAS312HH01.sgmvergence estimates of indices ν?∈?{-1/2,?0,?1/3,?1/2,?2/3,?1,?3/ 2} and power-divergence statistics of indices λ?∈?{-1/2,?0,?1/3,?1/2,?2/3,?1,?3/2}. The results indicate that the asymptotic approximation is sufficiently accurate (by the criterion that the average exact size is no larger than ±10% of the nominal asymptotic test size) in the near right tail when ν=0 and λ=1/2, and in the far right tail when ν=0 and λ=1/3, in both cases providing that the smallest expectation in the composite hypothesis exceeds 5. The only exception to this rule is the case of models that render a near-equiprobable composite hypothesis on the boundaries of the parameter space, where average exact sizes are usually quite different from nominal sizes despite the fact that the smallest expectation in these conditions is usually well above 5. 相似文献
129.
There are grounds for reconsidering the United Nations' population projections for Peru. These projections assume that fertility will continue to decline after 1990 in a smooth and uninterrupted manner, but they ignore several factors related to recovery from the economic and political crises of the 1980s that could significantly alter the pace of decline. The alternative projections we present consider the possibility that Peru's fertility decline will temporarily slow. This alternative hypothesis is conservative in the sense that increases in birth rates are not anticipated, but substantial differences in population size and age structure materialize nonetheless. Moreover, these differences have important implications for future planning in terms of the number of children needing primary health care and education and the number of young adults seeking first-time employment.The authors are grateful to Maryann Belanger, Luis Rosero-Bixby, and Anne Marie Wills for helpful comments, to Wayne Appleton for computer support, and to Terence Kelly for graphics design. 相似文献
130.
Miguel C. Moya Morales 《Revista de Psicología Social》2013,28(1-2):61-85
ResumenSe presentan dos investigaciones en las que se estudian el efecto del sexo del sujeto, el sexo de la persona estímulo y el tipo de tarea sobre las atribuciones causales de éxito. En el estudio 1, a los sujetos experimentales se les describe una persona estímulo, hombre o mujer, que realiza una tarea (oposiciones) típicamente masculina o femenina. El estudio 2 es idéntico al anterior salvo en la forma de presentar el tipo de tarea. Los resultados obtenidos no apoyan el modelo de Deaux (1976) que ha sido adoptado por muchos autores, pero sugiere, en cambio, otras líneas de investigación de las atribuciones causales de éxito en la tarea. 相似文献