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991.
This paper provides an analysis of the Minimal Overlap Rule, a solution for bankruptcy problems introduced by O’Neill (1982). We point out that this rule can be understood as a composition
of Ibn Ezra’s proposal and the recommendation given by the Constrained Equal Loss Rule. Following an interpretation of bankruptcy problems in terms of TU games, we show that the Minimal Overlap Value is the unique solution for bankruptcy games which satisfies Anonymity and Core Transition Responsiveness. 相似文献
992.
Campylobacteriosis is an important food-borne illness with more than a million U.S. cases annually. Antibiotic treatment is usually not required. However, erythromycin, a macrolide antibiotic, is recommended for the treatment of severe cases. Therefore, it is considered a critically important antibiotic and given special attention as to the risk that food animal use will lead to resistant infections and compromised human treatment. To assess this risk, we used a retrospective approach; estimating the number of campylobacteriosis cases caused by specific meat consumption utilizing the preventable fraction. We then determined the number of cases with macrolide resistance Campylobacter spp. based on a linear model relating the resistance fraction to on-farm macrolide use. In this article, we considered the uncertainties in the parameter estimates, utilized a more elaborate model of resistance development and separated C. coli and C. jejuni . There are no published data for the probability of compromised treatment outcome due to macrolide resistance. Therefore, our estimates of compromised treatment outcome were based on data for fluoroquinolone-resistant infections. The conservative results show the human health risks are extremely low. For example, the predicted risk of suboptimal human treatment of infection with C. coli from swine is only 1 in 82 million; with a 95% chance it could be as high as 1 in 49 million. Risks from C. jejuni in poultry or beef are even less. Reduced antibiotic use can adversely impact animal health. These low human risks should be weighed against the alternative risks. 相似文献
993.
994.
Hans-Georg Soeffner 《Soziologie》2007,36(4):396-398
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
995.
996.
Joan Letendre 《Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal》2007,24(4):353-368
Aggression in girls is a problem that is gaining increased attention. The indirect forms of relational aggression historically
used by girls to harm their victims are increasingly escalating into physical altercations. An understanding of the interplay
between the developmental and contextual factors that contribute to learned aggression in girls is needed to inform program
development that truly responds to the unique gender socialization of girls. This article examines parental, environmental,
and peer factors for their contributions to the development of girls’ aggression. Implications for program development that
teaches girls and their families alternative ways of expressing their needs and protecting themselves from harm is discussed. 相似文献
997.
Lynn Roy LaMotte 《Statistical Papers》2007,48(2):321-327
The original derivation of the widely cited form of the REML likelihood function for mixed linear models is difficult and
indirect. This paper derives it directly using familiar operations with matrices and determinants. 相似文献
998.
In this paper, we introduce a multivariate generalization of the population version of Gini's rank association coefficient,
giving a response to this open question posed in [4]. We also study some properties of this version, present the corresponding
results for the sample statistic, and provide several examples. 相似文献
999.
1000.
Galina Besstremyannaya 《Transition Studies Review》2007,14(2):331-338
The paper uses the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey 2003 database to study the types of official and shadow out-of-pocket
health care expenditures by consumers with high and low health status. The analysis shows that the inability of less healthy
people to pay unofficially for more effective outpatient care results in their higher demand for official inpatient and outpatient
treatment. This pattern creates the need to sustain excessive inpatient facilities and slows down health care restructuring.
Yet, since the state is incapable of fulfilling its obligations for providing free health care and meet the current demand,
in inpatient institutions all consumers, and less healthy ones in particular, spend considerable sums on drugs, even though
the latter are guaranteed to be free. Consequently, the current Russian health system itself leads to replacing outpatient
with inpatient care, which is more costly both for the patients and for the state.
相似文献