人口转变的储蓄效应和增长效应--论中国增长可持续性的人口因素

人口转变是挑战中国经济持续增长的一个重要因素.在这个过程中,个人的生命周期和代际更替之间的相互叠加,通过劳动供给、储蓄和科技进步等渠道对长期经济增长施加影响.本文分析表明,人口转变使得中国从20世纪60年代中期开始享受人口红利,并一直持续到2015年前后.为了迎接人口老龄化冲击,中国需要通过扩大就业、加快人力资本积累和建立适合于中国国情的可持续的养老保障模式三条途径来充分挖掘未来潜在的人口红利,推动中国经济持续增长.     

人口转变论的进一步思考

本文从个体与国家对人口再生产的双重价值取向入手 ,探讨人口转变的历史本质及其与人类现代化进程的关系 ,归纳中国人口转变的独特模式。指出一定生产方式下个体对生育价值取向的转变是人口转变的关键 ,国家价值取向支配下的生育政策是实现人口转变的手段 ,但它与人口转变的本质是分离的。提出仅有统计指标是不够的 ,可结合现代化标准来衡量人口转变的完成。     

Population statistics] as of Jan 1, 1996

Population statistics are given for Thailand as of January 1, 1996. Total population was 59,709,000 (29,837,000 males and 29,872,000 females). Urban population was 18,856,000, and rural population was 40,853,000. Population is concentrated in the Northeastern Region (19,440,000), followed by the Central Region excluding Bangkok Metropolis (12,954,000) and the Northern Region (11,994,000). Population for the Southern Region was 7,475,000, and for Bangkok Metropolis it was 7,846,000. Population included 17,196,000 under 15 years of age and 4,359,000 aged 60 years and older. Most of the population was in the 15-59 age group (38,154,000). There were 15,414,000 women aged 15-44 years. The crude birth rate was 17.6/1000 population and the crude death rate was 5.2/1000 population. The natural growth rate was 1.2%. Infant mortality was 30.8/1000 live births. Life expectancy at birth was 66.6 years for males and 71.7 years for females; life expectancy at 60 years was 18.8 years for males and 22.0 years for females. The total fertility rate was 1.95 children/woman. Contraceptive prevalence was 74.0%. The population projection for the year 2012 is 70,479,000. It is expected that population will reach 60 million in June 1996.     

Population statistics] as of October 1, 1994

As of October 1, 1994, Thailand's population was comprised of 29,413,000 males and 29,448,000 females, 18,588,000 of whom resided in urban areas. 11,501,000 lived in the North, 20,007,000 to the Northeast, 7,310,000 in the South, 12,732,000 in central Thailand excluding Bangkok, and 7,311,000 in the Bangkok metropolis. 16,952,000 were under 15 years old, 19,682,000 aged 6-21, 37,612,000 aged 15-59, 35,793,000 aged 20 and over, and 4,297,000 aged 60 and over. There were 15,195,000 women aged 15-44. The crude birth rate was 17.6/1000, crude death rate 5.8/1000, natural growth rate 1.2%, and infant mortality rate 34.13 per 1000 live births. Male and female life expectancies at birth were respectively 67.7 and 72.4 years, while male and female life expectancies at 60 were 18.8 and 22.0. Rates of total fertility per woman and contraceptive prevalence were respectively 1.95 and 75.0%. The population is projected to total 71,637,000 in the year 2012.     

2010年人口普查数据质量评估以及对以往人口变动分析校正

文章采用年龄移算方法进行队列对比对2010年的分性别分年龄人口的漏报或者重报进行了评估,发现:在0～9岁人口按1990年普查漏报率为底线的情况下第六次全国人口普查的年龄人口漏报率为0.75%,重报率为0.55%,合计误差率为1.30%。采用布拉斯逻辑特生命表系统对低龄人口和老年人口的死亡漏报做出测度,2010年低龄人口的死亡漏报非常严重,漏报率超过60%,男性婴幼儿漏报更为严重;老年人口的死亡漏报也平均在5%以上,不分年龄达到20%。出生漏报和育龄妇女重报带来生育水平的失真,经过漏报回填,2010年生育水平应该在1.52以上。由此显示,在运用2010年普查数据时需要进行质量评估。     

长三角国家高新区自主创新思路研究

国家高新区是区域经济国际化的强大引擎,是高新技术企业走出去参与国际竞争的服务平台,是抢占世界高技术产业制高点的前沿阵地。文章以长三角6个国家高新区为例,通过不同优势的对比,探讨了各高新区在今后发展过程中自主创新的思路与对策。