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13.
DJ Blickwede 《Omega》1974,2(3):395-400
At each successive stage in the R&D cycle leading to the commercialization of a new technology, management in any industry must reevaluate prospects and make decisions accordingly. However, for the steel industry the difficulties of this kind of decision-making throughout the usually lengthy R&D cycle are heightened by the very nature of the industry. For example, the large scale of its processes and the high capital costs for plants for new processes mean that the progressive scale-ups during a given development may themselves cost millions. From Bethlehem Steel's experience the author cites one new product and two major process developments to illustrate technical and economic considerations that enter into decision-making as R&D moves step by step toward the commercialization of new technology. 相似文献
14.
In spite of long-held beliefs that traits related to reproductive success tend to become fixed by evolution with little or
no genetic variation, there is now considerable evidence that the natural variation of fertility within populations is genetically
influenced and that a portion of that influence is related to the motivational precursors to fertility. We conduct a two-stage
analysis to examine these inferences in a time-ordered multivariate context. First, using data from the National Longitudinal
Survey of Youth, 1979, and LISREL analysis, we develop a structural equation model in which five hypothesized motivational
precursors to fertility, measured in 1979–1982, predict both a child-timing and a child-number outcome, measured in 2002.
Second, having chosen two time-ordered sequences of six variables from the SEM to represent our phenotypic models, we use
Mx to conduct both univariate and multivariate behavioral genetic analyses with the selected variables. Our results indicate
that one or more genes acting within a gene network have additive effects that operate through child-number desires to affect
both the timing of the next child born and the final number of children born, that one or more genes acting through a separate
network may have additive effects operating through gender role attitudes to produce downstream effects on the two fertility
outcomes, and that no genetic variance is associated with either child-timing intentions or educational intentions. 相似文献
15.
A model for predicting sterilization method selection is constructed on the basis of hypotheses about 1. the relationship between the fertility termination, sterilization, and method selection decisions and 2. the influence of substantive, processual, and contextual factors in those decisions. The model is found to have an acceptably good fit to data from almost five hundred women in married couples selecting either tubal ligation or vasectomy. A number of interesting dynamic pathways leading to method selection are observed. Some weaknesses in the model are discussed. It is desirable that further confirmation and elaboration of the model using longitudinal and husband-wife data be undertaken.This paper is based on a study funded by the National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development, Center for Population Research, Grant Number 13459. 相似文献