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911.
This paper reviews the main bodies of contemporary urban sustainability theory. From this analysis, two underpinning paradigms
of urban sustainability are identified: (1) The ‘Human Exemptionalism Paradigm’ (HEP), which emphasizes the ability of humans
to overcome environmental problems—see Urban Sociology, Urban Ecology, Urban Geography, Urban Psychology and Political Economy;
and (2) The ‘New Ecological Paradigm’ (NEP), which emphasizes the criticality of ecological limits to human progress—see Urban
Metabolism, Energy/Emergy Analysis and Ecological Footprinting. Each of these approaches is critically reviewed, highlighting
their main assumptions, theoretical and practical foci. It is argued in the paper that if the related issues of urban sustainability
and development are to be progressed, there needs to be: (1) a greater maturation of the NEP approaches, which are ‘relative
newcomers’ to the area of urban theory; and (2) greater integration and dialogue between the HEP and NEP approaches to urban
sustainability than has hitherto been the case.
相似文献
Murray G. PattersonEmail: |
912.
Using a spatially extensive urban database constructed from the Maryland Biological Stream Survey (MBSS), we describe the
relationships of nutrients in small-order streams to eight defined categories of percent catchment urbanization, correlations
between chloride and conductivity in urban streams, and relationships between nutrients and chloride with two Maryland-specific
indices of biotic integrity for benthic macroinvertebrates and fish assemblages. Stream nutrients become elevated with increasing
percent catchment urbanization, followed by increases in all four measured nitrogen species and total phosphorus at catchment
urbanization levels greater than 10%. There was a strong collinear relationship (r
2 = 0.90) between chloride and conductivity (trimeans) across all eight urbanization classes, where Cl (mg/L) = −0.397 + 0.188*conductivity
(μS/cm). Critical values for all water quality parameters with the two Maryland biological indices were derived using quantile
regression, with significant regressions developed for 11 of 16 water quality parameters and the two biotic indices. For nitrate
(NO3-N), the critical thresholds between fair and poor stream quality for the two Maryland biological indices were 0.83 mg/L (benthic
macroinvertebrate assemblages) and 0.86 mg/L (fish assemblages). Increasing stream nutrient and chloride levels, associated
with widespread catchment urbanization intensity, now affect many small streams in Maryland, with implications for decreasing
water quality in major tributaries and the Chesapeake Bay. 相似文献
913.
Rupert Hasenzagl 《Gruppendynamik und Organisationsberatung》2007,38(4):351-370
The theoretical basis behind consultancy does not match its importance to the economy. Although theory building research has been advanced since the 1990s, it still remains fragmentary. The impact of these consulting theories on practice has therefore been limited. This paper provides a contribution to this recent field of research. Based on the Social Systems Theory by Luhmann, a model outlining the impact of consultancy is presented. Three empirical cases outline the usefulness of the presented model in practice. 相似文献
914.
Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of gynaecological cancer death. The mortality rate of ovarian cancer could be greatly decreased if there were a screening test which was able to detect the disease at an early stage, resulting in an increased probability of cure. The most promising prospect for the early detection of ovarian cancer comes from the rapidly advancing field of clinical proteomics. An increasing number of reports on the potential clinical application of proteomics research for early detection as well as risk assessment and management of ovarian cancer are being published. Although the research is very promising, major technical challenges are still preventing new discoveries in ovarian cancer proteomics from being translated into clinical practice. 相似文献
915.
916.
Yonatan Reshef 《Journal of Labor Research》2007,28(4):677-696
In the public sector, Canadian governments intervene frequently in labor disputes by suspending collective bargaining and
curtailing legal strikes. Previous research has focused on the contours of government intervention, such as its overall effects
on collective bargaining and strikes. The discussion highlights one actor, a government, restricting the behavior of another
actor, a union, using legislation and policy making. As a result, we know less about more micro-level elements and implications
of the process of government intervention. I address these themes using a detailed case study of the Alberta Teachers’ Association
and the strikes it coordinated in 2002.
相似文献
Yonatan ReshefEmail: |
917.
The Experience-Earnings Profile: Productivity-Augmenting or Purely Contractual? Evidence from the UK
William J. Moore Robert J. Newman Geoffrey K. Turnbull 《Journal of Labor Research》2007,28(3):417-435
We test the human capital interpretation of the experience-earnings profile. Does the upward sloping portion of the experience-earnings
profile reflect on-the-job training which in turn causes the experience-productivity profile to slope upwards, or do purely
contractual factors determine the nature of life-cycle earnings. Herein, we provide additional evidence on the relationship
between productivity and earnings by examining earnings differentials in the UK academic labor market for economists. Using
a test first suggested by Mincer, we find that the empirical results are consistent with human capital theory. We find that,
although the positive relationship between earnings and experience persists when individual productivity measures are included
in the salary equations for lecturers and senior lecturers, the positive relationship becomes statistically insignificant
when the same productivity measures are included in the salary equations for professors. For lecturers and senior lecturers,
the experience-salary profile properly reflects the structure of the national pay scale rather than variations in individual
research productivity. At the professor level, where individual salaries are not determined by a pay scale, the data support
the human capital explanation of the positive experience-earnings profile.
相似文献
Robert J. NewmanEmail: |
918.
Hillary Anger Elfenbein Maw Der Foo Judith White Hwee Hoon Tan Voon Chuan Aik 《Journal of Nonverbal Behavior》2007,31(4):205-223
Using meta-analysis, we find a consistent positive correlation between emotion recognition accuracy (ERA) and goal-oriented
performance. However, this existing research relies primarily on subjective perceptions of performance. The current study
tested the impact of ERA on objective performance in a mixed-motive buyer-seller negotiation exercise. Greater recognition
of posed facial expressions predicted better objective outcomes for participants from Singapore playing the role of seller,
both in terms of creating value and claiming a greater share for themselves. The present study is distinct from past research
on the effects of individual differences on negotiation outcomes in that it uses a performance-based test rather than self-reported
measure. These results add to evidence for the predictive validity of emotion recognition measures on practical outcomes.
相似文献
Hillary Anger ElfenbeinEmail: |
919.
Wayne K. Talley 《Journal of Labor Research》2007,28(3):515-524
I investigate the earnings differentials among union and nonunion seafarers, across seafarer occupations, and with respective
to other transport operatives. The empirical results suggest that the union and nonunion weekly earnings of captains/mates
are comparable, and the union earnings gap for sailors/deckhands is positive. The union (nonunion) weekly earnings of captains/mates
are 14.7 (30.5) percent greater than those of sailors/deckhands; the union weekly earnings of captains/mates (sailors/deckhands)
are 12.6% greater (9.5% less) than those of truck drivers; and the nonunion weekly earnings of captains/mates (sailors/deckhands)
are 33.0% greater (6.2% less) than those of truck drivers. The sailor/deckhand and truck driver earnings differentials are
contrary to the general belief that the earnings of truck drivers are less than those of other operative occupations involved
in transporting intermodal cargo.
相似文献
Wayne K. TalleyEmail: |
920.
The life course perspective on drug use: a conceptual framework for understanding drug use trajectories 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This article discusses the life course perspective on drug use, including conceptual and analytic issues involved in developing the life course framework to explain how drug use trajectories develop during an individual's lifetime and how this knowledge can guide new research and approaches to management of drug dependence. Central concepts include trajectories marked by transitions and social capital and turning points influencing changes. The life course perspective offers an organizing framework for classifying varying drug use trajectories, identifying critical events and factors contributing to the persistence or change in drug use, analytically ordering events that occur during the life span, and determining contributory relationships. 相似文献