A world apart: The multicultural world of visible minorities and the art world of Canada

On n'a pas accordé suffisamment d'attention dans les études des inegalités raciales à un processus de production culturelle qui conduit à la marginalisation des arts et des cultures des minorités. L'auteur de cette communication soutient que la politique du Canada à l'égard des arts et des milieux artistiques occidentaux, d'une part, et sa politique de multiculturalisme a l'égard des arts et des cultures des minorités, d'autre part, ont créé deux systèmes de soutien distincts, ou deux mondes artistiques inégaux, dont la mission est de contribuer au développement du groupe dominant et des minorités visibles. Le premier est le système formel, légitimé et hautement prestigieux des Canadiens de race blanche, le second un cercle multiculturel à caractère folklorique, marginal et peu prestigieux réservé aux immigrants récemment arrivés dont les membres sont en majorité des non-Blancs. L'univers artistique formel et le cercle multiculturel des minorités visibles au Canada se distinguent par leur organisation sociale, leurs règies de fonctionnement, leurs normes d'appréciation, leurs sources de patronage et leurs véhicules de communication. De la même façon, leurs productions diffèrent quant à la forme et au contenu ainsi que sur le plan de la valeur esthétique et marchande. La politique condescendante de l'État à l'égard des arts et des cultures des minorités et l'institutionnalisation des deux mondes artistiques distincts nuisent à la créativité et au developpement esthetique des minorités visibles. Les politiques canadiennes en matière d'art et de multiculturalisme reflètent et consolident une hegemonie culturelle qui perpétue la domination des valeurs et de la culture occidentales. Studies of racial inequality have not paid sufficient attention to a social process of cultural production that results in the marginalization of minority art and culture. This paper argues that Canada's policy towards Occidental arts and the arts community, and its multicultural policy towards minority arts and cultures have produced two different support structures, or unequal art worlds, for     

A Comparison of the Cost-efficiencies of the Sequential, Group-sequential, and Variable-sample-size-sequential Probability Ratio Tests

Wald and Wolfowitz (1948) have shown that the Sequential Probability Ratio Test (SPRT) for deciding between two simple hypotheses is, under very restrictive conditions, optimal in three attractive senses. First, it can be a Bayes-optimal rule. Second, of all level α tests having the same power, the test with the smallest joint-expected number of observations is the SPRT, where this expectation is taken jointly with respect to both data and prior over the two hypotheses. Third, the level α test needing the fewest conditional-expected number of observat ions is the SPRT, where this expectation is now taken with respect to the data conditional on either hypothesis being true. Principal among the strong restrictions is that sampling can proceed only in a one-at-a-time manner. In this paper, we relax some of the conditions and show that there are sequential procedures that strictly dominate the SPRT in all three senses. We conclude that the third type of optimality occurs rarely and that decision-makers are better served by looking for sequential procedures that possess the first two types of optimality. By relaxing the one-at-a-time sampling restriction, we obtain optimal (in the first two senses) variable-s ample-size- sequential probability ratio tests.     

FAMILY ASSESSMENT DEVICE: REPORTS FROM MOTHERS, FATHERS, AND ADOLESCENTS IN COMMUNITY AND CLINIC FAMILIES

This study compared responses on the 60-item version of the Family Assessment Device (FAD) obtained from mothers, fathers, and adolescents in two groups of families. The clinic group consisted of 94 families in which the adolescent had been referred to a mental health service in metropolitan Adelaide, South Australia. The community group consisted of 94 families, also containing an adolescent, living in the Adelaide community. Members of the clinic families consistently rated their families as less healthy than did families in the community. Importantly however, adolescents in both groups of families rated their families as significantly less healthy than their parents. Thus, while the results of the study provide support for the discriminative validity of the FAD, they also emphasize the need to consider separately self-reports on family functioning obtained from different members of the same family.     

Prediction theory for autoregressivemoving average processes

This paper reviews statistical prediction theory for autoregressive-moving average processes wing techniques developed in control theory. It demonstrates explicitly the connectioluns between the statistical and control theory literatures. Both the forecasting problem and the Single extraction problem am considered, udng linear least squares methods. Whereas the classical Statistical theory developed by Wiener and Kolmogomv is restricted to stationary stochaotic processes, the recursive techniques known as the Kalman filter are shown to provide a satisfactory treatment of the difference-stationary care and other more general cases. Complete results for non-invertible moving averages are also obtained.     

How bad will it be? Modelling the AIDS epidemic in Eastern Africa

The spread of HIV infection and the subsequent AIDS morbidity and mortality threatens to have a substantial impact on societies in subSaharan Africa. Infection levels are increasing rapidly in many regions, especially in urban areas. The consequences of high levels of infection are inescapable, although, due to the long incubation period, morbidity and mortality increases lag several years behind increases in infection levels. The impact of a serious AIDS epidemic will be felt by many sectors of the society. Mortality levels will substantially increase, especially among newborns and adults under age 50. This mortality will remove many productive members from the economy, while HIV-related illness will reduce the productivity of the infected population. Health care facilities will be severely strained to bear the increases in hospitalized populations. Those without access to the formal health care system will rely on family members for support and care.     

THE FAMILY TASK INTERVIEW: A TOOL FOR CLINICAL RESEARCH IN FAMILY INTERACTION

The Family Task Interview (FTI) is a multiple task interview administered by tape recorder and designed to elicit clinically relevant family interaction. The FTI has been designed to improve on previous similar instruments and a series of studies to evaluate its validity, reliability, and acceptability have been carried out. Further psychometric and practical evaluation is necessary, but results so far suggest that the FTI is a well standardized and easily administered instrument which is useful for research where assessment of family interaction using direct observation is required.     

Long-term care insurance and bequests as instruments for shaping intergenerational relationships

The growing demand for long-term care (LTC) causes the relationship between children and their parents to gain increased importance for society. Parents may create incentives for children to provide LTC through bequests, or they may purchase LTC insurance. While these instruments have been analyzed separately in the literature, this article shows that optimal LTC insurance must be small in the presence of bequests. Thus, the failure of private LTC insurance to diffuse into middle-class households may be explained by the fact that the bequest instrument is fully available to the current generation of parents, who for the first time since 1914 are in a position to bequeath an intact stock of capital in major industrialized countries.     

Scenarios for World energy: Barricades or New Frontiers?

Two global scenarios are used to explore future energy uncertainties. In New Frontiers, developing countries liberalize their economies and achieve high growth. This is a competitive turbulent world in which energy resources are stretched but prove adequate as a result of technological improvements in exploration and production. In Barricades liberalization is resisted and restricted as countries strive to cling to traditional ethnic, national, and religious values. Growth is slower, rich and poor become polarized and there is hostility to the use of energy. Scenario planning is a useful tool to develop strategies which are robust and flexible against such uncertainties.     

Fielding hot topics in cool settings: The study of corporate ethics

This paper describes the methods used to gain access and conduct research on corporate ethics in two large corporations. To date, only a small number of social scientists have pursued such sensitive and highly intrusive field research because of substantial obstacles to gaining access and completing meaningful investigations. Detailed discussion of how we framed the study and then sold the research to the two sites points to the conclusion that the merging of science and action is both difficult and fruitful. This study highlights the need to establish appropriate balance between scholarly and applied objectives, to build collaborative relations with research participants, and to bring an interdisciplinary approach to contextually based studies of corporate ethics and deviancy.We gratefully acknowledge both the Human Resources Policy Institute at Boston University and the Amsterdam Foundation for providing the funding and encouragement that made this research possible. We are also grateful for the excellent contributions of our research associates in this endeavor: Maria-Paz Avery, Wendy Handler, James Hunt, Kathleen Jordan, Jeanne Liedtka, and Gary Reed. In addition, we are indebted to many colleagues, executives and other professionals who have graciously contributed valuable ideas and feedback at various stages of the work: Chris Argyris, Lloyd Baird, John Braithwaite, Dave Brown, John Fleming, Fred Foulkes, Ken Goodpaster, Tim Hall, Don Hendler, Zeba Hyder, Steve Kerr, Alan Wertheimer, Ralph Kilmann, Harvey Kram, George Labovitz, Mark Leach, Barry Leskin, Steve Levin, Meryl Louis, Murray Melbin, Phil Mirvis, Henry Morgan, Marty Moser, Jim Post, Jim Rosenwald, John Russell, Barbara Toffler, Michael Useem and Jim Waters. We also benefitted from the advice and counsel of several anonymous reviewers. Finally, Yeager owes a debt of gratitude to Harvard University's Program in Ethics and the Professions for providing both the stimulation and the opportunity to more deeply pursue this research.