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891.
The item factor analysis model for investigating multidimensional latent spaces has proved to be useful. Parameter estimation in this model requires computationally demanding high-dimensional integrations. While several approaches to approximate such integrations have been proposed, they suffer various computational difficulties. This paper proposes a Nesting Monte Carlo Expectation-Maximization (MCEM) algorithm for item factor analysis with binary data. Simulation studies and a real data example suggest that the Nesting MCEM approach can significantly improve computational efficiency while also enjoying the good properties of stable convergence and easy implementation. 相似文献
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Masters athletes are typically older than 35 years of age and systematically train for, and compete in, organized forms of
sport specifically designed for older adults. They are motivated to participate in masters sport for a wide variety of reasons.
Age-related declines in endurance performance are observed across the endurance sports of running, orienteering, rowing, and
swimming. These declines are curvilinear from age 35 years until approximately age 60–70 years and exponential thereafter.
The decline in endurance performance appears primarily due to an age-related decrease in VO2max secondary to an age-related decrease in HRmax and possible age-related declines in stroke volume and arteriovenous oxygen difference. While performance velocity at lactate
threshold decreases with age in masters endurance athletes, it appears to increase relative to VO2max while exercise economy is maintained. There also appears an age-related decrease in active muscle mass, type II muscle fiber
size, and blood volume that contribute to decreased endurance performance. However, research suggests that maintenance of
training intensity and volume into older age may mediate the rate of age-related decline in VO2max, stroke volume, arteriovenous oxygen difference, blood volume, and muscle mass in masters endurance athletes. 相似文献
894.
Peter Brandon 《International migration (Geneva, Switzerland)》2008,46(2):49-80
Using data from Australia, health behavior outcomes and the social connectedness of adolescents in immigrant families are contrasted with the outcomes of adolescents in non‐immigrant families. Findings suggest that first and second generation adolescents are less likely to drink alcohol and lack social support than third generation adolescents, but more likely not to be physically active and not to have membership to a social club or group than third generation adolescents. Second generation adolescents are more likely to smoke than third generation adolescents. Findings suggest that immigrant adolescents appear protected from negative risks, yet at the same time, do not benefit from Australia's cultural traditions for physical activity and social participation. Across generations, however, social participation and physical activity increase. Lastly, as length of time in Australia increases, the protective effect of the immigrant family against some negative risks wanes. Overall, the assimilation process leads adolescents in immigrant families to adopt Australia's prevailing social customs of health and social behaviors. 相似文献
895.
Sponsored day care is the term generally used to describe the purchase of places by local authorities in independent day care services (such as childminders, nurseries and playgroups) for children in need. This paper considers the development and operation of sponsored day care services in 12 English local authorities, in the context of current policy developments within early childhood services. It suggests that provision for children in need is in danger of being marginalised by the current focus on early education and child care for working parents, and highlights the importance of developing services for children in need within an overall strategy for children's services. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
896.
Independent evaluation of refugee-focused programs in developed nations is increasingly a mandatory requirement of funding bodies and government agencies. This paper presents an evaluation of the Integrated Services Centre (ISC) Pilot Project that was conducted in Australia in 2007 and early 2008. The purpose of the ISC program was to provide integrated support to humanitarian refugees in settlement, physical health, mental health and employment. The Pilot Project was based in two primary schools in Perth, Western Australia. The evaluation utilized a flexible qualitative ‘engaged’ methodology and included interviews, focus groups and telephone interviews with the key stakeholders, project staff and a small number of refugee families. The strength of the qualitative methodology (including data that is narrative rich) is that it highlights issues as perceived by each stakeholder and provides insights into the daily work by ISC staff that helped to uncover unintended outcomes. Despite the fact that the ISC evaluation was supposed to be a ‘before and after’ design, the researchers acknowledge a common weakness in many evaluations (including the ISC) that when baseline data is required, evaluators are recruited after the project has begun. This issue is discussed in the paper. It is critical that independent evaluators are able to begin collecting baseline data as soon as programs are launched, if not before. 相似文献
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Anar Ulikpan Peter Hill Asmat Ullah Malik George Shakarishvili Indermohan Narula 《Asian Social Work and Policy Review》2012,6(1):56-65
Fragmented management approach makes the provision of comprehensive health care for achieving universal health coverage very unlikely. This article aims to explore the potential contribution of a systemic approach—the sector‐wide approach (SWAp)—to achieving universal health coverage (UHC), using the Mongolian context as an example. The paper describes UHC and factors that hinder its achievement in developing countries, based on the Mongolian experience. The analysis focuses on the root factors hindering the achievement of UHC and examines how these affect system and local capacity critical for achieving UHC. Two principally different approaches, a sector‐wide (holistic) approach and a standalone project (fragmented) approach are compared in terms of their contribution to the main indicators of achieving UHC. The current stage of the Mongolian health SWAp is identified and early rewards of a SWAp are presented. The paper proposes a SWAp as a potential approach to tackle these root factors to help in achieving UHC, because it is a promising instrument that promotes a systems‐strengthening and capacity‐building approach to enable effective coordination of standalone projects in alignment with the national priorities. 相似文献