GENDER AND OFF-FARM EMPLOYMENT IN TWO FARMING SYSTEMS: Responses to Farm Crisis in the Cornbelt and the Mississippi Delta

An important farm household survival strategy in the 1980s agricultural crisis was off-farm employment. Recent research shows that gender role expectations structure off-farm employment's effects on farm operations. However, this research does not evaluate off-farm employment's effects within different socioeconomic and cultural settings. This article explores case studies of two localities with different farming systems: family farming in the Cornbelt and capitalist (or wage labor) farming in the Mississippi Delta. Farmers in two counties representative of each system responded to mail questionnaires covering various topics including farm and household changes made during the 1980s financial crisis. Loglinear modèls estimating the relationship between changes in off-farm employment and selected changes in farm operations derive results for the Cornbelt that confirm previous studies. Women's off-farm employment, in particular, relates to a variety of changes in the farm enterprise and improves its capital position. As expected, given its historic separation of household and enterprise, the Mississippi Delta evinces no such pattern of change. These results indicate the need for additional research on this topic, comparing different agrarian class structures.     

血管生成素通过ERK信号通路促进HeLa细胞的增殖

目的通过细胞外信号调节激酶（extracellularregulatedproteinkinases,ERK）通路及NF-xB信号途径探讨血管生成素（angiogenin,Ang）对HeLa细胞的促增殖及抗凋亡作用机制。方法用不同浓度的重组人Ang刺激HeLa细胞,MTr法分析Ang对HeLa细胞的促增殖作用,蛋白质印迹实验检测ERK信号通路相关分子的表达情况。U0126抑制ERK信号通路,检测Ang诱导的ERKl／2的磷酸化及c—myc的表达情况,同时检测Ang对细胞增殖的影响。敲低Ang的表达,检测细胞的凋亡情况。双荧光素酶报告基因检测Ang对NF-KB报告基因的激活。蛋白水平检测Ang刺激的HeLa细胞后,NF—KB通路相关分子的表达。结果Ang能促进HeLa细胞增殖,ERKl／2的磷酸化水平及c—myc的表达随重组人Ang浓度的升高而增加。U0126能抑制Ang诱导的ERKI／2的磷酸化、c—myc的上调及细胞的增殖。Ang的低表达促进HeLa细胞的凋亡,但不影响NF-KB报告基因的激活及NF—KB通路上相关分子的表达。结论Ang能够促进HeLa细胞增殖,并通过活化ERK通路促进细胞的增殖,但其抑凋亡作用与NF-KB通路无关。     

产品"商家设计"的价值

由于商业经营者的积极参与而导致设计过程与设计方式发生改变,是当前产品设计活动中出现的一个新的现象,即产品设计过程中的“商家设计”现象。“商家设计”活动由特定的市场环境与技术条件所催生,其价值不仅在于能够为产品生产企业、产品营销商和产品用户带来现实的利益,同时还在于拓展了工业设计实践的领域,为工业设计应用方法研究提供了新的空间。     

重构现场:新闻报道的空间叙事策略

新闻报道的空间建构是新闻报道有效叙事之重点环节,聚焦于现场的报道,是一种立足于深刻认知新闻现场和现场新闻之内在关联的选择性重构,现场既代表新闻报道的语境与情境还原,同时也是实现传受双方互动理解的一种审美超越。现场的报道空间建构不仅体现出新闻报道的时效要求对叙事策略选择的必然,更通过叙事设计的结构化、进入化策略来实践传受双方知觉场的共建,尤其在当代新媒体环境下,新闻报道的空间叙事策略将伴随社会空间的心灵感知而不断创新发展。重视并有效发掘、应用那些能够激发受众感知的想象力的空间要素,才是新闻报道未来创新的方向,空间的重构也绝非是媒介技术提供的拟态逼真,而是构建合乎受众认知需求与审美体验的空间实践,是叙事的社会参与,也是其心灵对话空间的共建。     

婚姻形式与男孩偏好:对中国农村三个县的考察

应用在招赘婚姻高度流行区、中度流行区和低度流行区的调查数据 ,本文研究了严格生育控制下婚姻形式以及个人、家庭和社会因素对男孩偏好的影响及其区域差异。研究发现 ,嫁娶婚姻的生育行为有明显的男孩偏好倾向 ,而招赘婚姻的生育行为则不存在性别偏好 ;男孩偏好存在显著的区域差异 ,招赘婚姻的流行显著降低了当地的男孩偏好水平。研究结果为政府在农村降低男孩偏好水平、稳定低生育率提供了新的思路和途径     

论阿尼玛卿山神的来源及流变

阿尼玛卿作为藏区颇负盛名的山神,其来源及流变是一个可供人类学解读的神话记忆文本,从其名称与认同、起源神话、藏史记载及宗教文本等多方面可以解读阿尼玛卿富有层次的三个来源:本土、卫藏及印度来源,并可从中阐释其对传统的再造;通过大量的民族志材料,在有关祖先和英雄的记忆中可以考察阿尼玛卿流变的趋势:祖先→英雄→菩萨,在藏传佛教强大的文化情境中,阿尼玛卿作为十地菩萨已成为安多藏区最普遍的认同,正因为阿尼玛卿完成了从居士到十地菩萨的演变,其身份便超越世俗界限,成为广大信徒朝圣、皈依的佛教圣地,这一过程也体现了藏民族对于精神气质的选择。     

Labor and Production Barriers to the Reduction of Agricultural Chemical Inputs1

Abstract Advocates of sustainable agriculture consider farmer flexibility and innovativeness a key element in efforts to develop farm practices that reduce chemical inputs. In contrast to labor displacing technologies, farming with reduced chemical inputs may increase labor demands. Consequently, concerns about labor supply may affect farmer adaptability in reducing chemical inputs. This research addresses two specific questions. First, how concerned are farmers about the availability of labor needed to reduce chemical inputs? Second, do farmers view production problems as insurmountable without chemicals because of labor constraints? The majority of farmers surveyed agree that it is difficult to reduce chemical inputs because additional labor is hard to find, and their own labor inputs would have to increase. Results of OLS regression analysis show that whether the farmer hires workers affects the relationship between perceived labor and production barriers. Labor supply is less elastic for farmers who hire no labor, and they have less access to social networks that would provide them with sources of the additional workers needed if chemical inputs were reduced. The significance of these results for the development of sources of information that enhance farmer adaptability is discussed.     

The use of economic appraisal in transportation analysis

This paper surveys the use of economic appraisal techniques in the field of transportation. After surveying the history of such approaches, a critical assessment is offered of the most recent contributions to the debate, centering on the 1977 Leitch Report. The limited room for manoeuvre in making local assessments is highlighted: national policy considerations are seen as frequently dominating the local choice. While most of the debate on the ‘inadequacies’ of cost-benefit have focussed on ‘intangible’ items, the author argues for a much closer look at the ‘hard’ data on the value of time-savings and accident costs. Some of the Leitch committee's proposals are found wanting in this respect. In the wider context, a plea is made for the use of common criteria for assessing projects throughout the entire transport sector. Only in this way can misallocation of resources be minimised.