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991.
Caroline Dewilde 《Social indicators research》2008,86(2):233-256
In this article we evaluate to what extent between-country differences in the probability of being ‘multidimensional’ poor
can be explained by a range of ‘domain-specific’ indicators of welfare regime arrangements. To this end, a so-called micro-macro
model is estimated, testing the ‘independent’ effect of institutions, as opposed to alternative explanations such as between-country
differences in population composition and economic affluence. Although we conclude that institutional arrangements do influence
the risk of multidimensional poverty in the expected direction, we also find that bringing the ‘economy’ back into the analyses
has a non-trivial impact. Our results point at several avenues for further discussion and research. First, although the more
elaborate welfare regimes generally do a better job in preventing poverty, the level of transfers is not always ‘proportional’
to the general standard of living in these countries. Second, we only find partial confirmation for the often cited ‘negative’
impact of labour market flexibility and the related equality-jobs trade-off. While stricter employment regulations do reduce the poverty risk (be it only after controlling for economic affluence),
flexibility in terms of the availability of fixed-term labour seems to be preferable to unemployment, even if at the individual
level, labour market flexibility increases the likelihood of being poor quite severely.
相似文献
Caroline DewildeEmail: |
992.
Socio-demographic Differences in Self-reported Psychological Distress Among 25- to 64-Year-Old Finns 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kirsi Talala Taina Huurre Hillevi Aro Tuija Martelin Ritva Prättälä 《Social indicators research》2008,86(2):323-335
Background Mental health problems are a major public health issue worldwide. The aim of this study was to assess the relative importance
of socio-demographic characteristics associated with different domains of psychological distress in Finland. Methods Data source was a nationwide survey “Health Behaviour and Health among the Finnish Adult Population” (AVTK), from years 2002
to 2003 (N = 5425; response rate 66%). Psychological distress was measured by self-reported questions of general mental health (MHI-5),
depression, insomnia and stress. Socio-demographic factors included education, employment status, partnership and children
living in the household. Main analyses were conducted by multivariate logistic regression. Results Education, employment and partnership were associated with most of the psychological distress outcomes. Respondents with a
lower educational level had poor mental health in both genders but less insomnia and stress in men. Those with an intermediate
education had the least stress in women. The unemployed and retired were at a higher risk for poor mental health and depression.
Moreover, employment status was associated with insomnia and stress in men. Respondents not having a partner showed a higher
risk of psychological distress according to all measures. Not having children living in the household was associated with
insomnia in women and with less stress in men. Conclusions Socio-demographic factors, such as having a partner and employment status, are associated with several measures of psychological
distress indicating the importance of social and economic factors to psychological well-being. The association of education
and of having children living at home varies by the domain of psychological distress measure. 相似文献
993.
Petra Böhnke 《Social indicators research》2008,87(2):189-210
Life satisfaction is quite heterogeneously distributed across countries of the enlarged European Union. Previous research has shown how living conditions within individual countries, such as access to material and emotional resources, are important for personal well-being, but it has been less successful in explaining differences between countries. This article investigates whether it matters in which political and economic circumstances people live, as well as whether their particular perception of the quality of their societal environment plays a role. People are well aware that the institutional and cultural settings in which their lives are embedded create opportunities and limitations: within individual countries, perceptions of society influence life satisfaction outcomes irrespective of access to resources. However, their importance for well-being differs across Europe: perceptions of societies are highly decisive in countries that provide only a minimum of social security and in which the reliability of political institutions is poor. In rich and stable countries, the impact is weaker and private social support becomes more important. In addition to these country-specific weights of life satisfaction determinants, life satisfaction variations between countries can be explained to a large extent by taking into consideration the economic performance, the social security level, and the political culture in a country—all in all, general conditions that enable people to live a respectable life. 相似文献
994.
The City of Saskatoon’s Local Area Planning (LAP) Program is a community-based approach to developing comprehensive neighbourhood
plans. In order to achieve sustainable and implementable Local Area Plans (LAPs), the City of Saskatoon has been using innovative
methods of collaborative decision-making to engage citizens. The program has been recognized nationally by the Federation
of Canadian Municipalities for demonstrating innovative approaches to citizen engagement in Sustainable Community Planning.
A total of eight LAPs have been adopted by City Council and 212 recommendations have been approved, with 101 of these recommendations
being completed, 71 currently in progress and 40 to be determined. Great strides have been made to implement the LAPs by allocating
resources for coordinating implementation, working with communities, and for implementing the various recommendations. In
addition, over 1,000 people representing various interests have participated in one or more LAP Committee or implementation
meetings. Through this participation, partnerships have been formed, program and service delivery has been improved, and most
importantly, communities have taken ownership of their plans. After completing eight LAPs, the LAP communities, City Council
and city planners have felt the need to measure ongoing changes and progress in the LAP communities. In recognition of this,
the City of Saskatoon’s City Planning Branch will be working with LAP communities, the Community-University Institute for
Social Research (CUISR) and other stakeholders to develop a framework for statistically measuring changes in LAP communities
and to monitor “Neighbourhood Success Factors”. The Neighbourhood Success Factors will work to detect serious socio-economic
conditions before they reach a point of crisis. This paper will first describe the LAP Program before reviewing the proposed
framework for statistically measuring changes in Saskatoon’s neighbourhoods.
相似文献
Kelley MooreEmail: |
995.
Mediation and moderation are two theories for refining and understanding a causal relationship. Empirical investigation of
mediators and moderators requires an integrated research design rather than the data analyses driven approach often seen in
the literature. This paper described the conceptual foundation, research design, data analysis, as well as inferences involved
in a mediation and/or moderation investigation in both experimental and non-experimental (i.e., correlational) contexts. The
essential distinctions between the investigation of mediators and moderators were summarized and juxtaposed in an example
of a causal relationship between test difficulty and test anxiety. In addition, the more elaborate models, moderated mediation
and mediated moderation, the use of structural equation models, and the problems with model misspecification were discussed
conceptually.
相似文献
Bruno D. ZumboEmail: |
996.
Is the Study of Happiness a Worthy Scientific Pursuit? 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
This paper critiques the view that the study of happiness is not a worthy scientific pursuit. The happiness set point and
hedonic treadmill theories denote the complexity of increasing happiness levels due to genetic limitations and adaptation,
however, there is mounting evidence to suggest that with the use of appropriate measures and specific interventions aimed
at fostering strengths and virtues, happiness can be increased. Furthermore, the benefits of investigating methods for increasing
happiness include improvements in physical, psychological and social health and well-being. It is concluded that approaching
human needs from a top down or holistic standpoint where individuals can use their strengths to overcome life’s challenges,
is beneficial to health and well-being. Hence, the study of happiness is a worthy scientific pursuit. 相似文献
997.
Education,Happiness and Wellbeing 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Alex C. Michalos 《Social indicators research》2008,87(3):347-366
Answers to the questions ‘Does education influence happiness and if so, how and how much?’ depend on how one defines and operationalizes ‘education’, ‘influences’ and ‘happiness’. A great variety of research scenarios may be constructed from our three essential variables. What public policies one ought to adopt and implement regarding the influence of education on happiness depends minimally on which of the great variety of research scenarios one adopts and maximally on lots of other things as well. My personal preference is for a robust definition of the three terms. Because human beings are complex organisms, an adequate construction of the idea of human wellbeing must also be complex. Therefore, any discipline-driven, reductionist definition that pyschologizes, medicalizes, economizes, geneticizes, socializes or politicizes the idea should be avoided. 相似文献
998.
Amal Kanti Ray 《Social indicators research》2008,87(3):409-425
The economic reforms initiated in India in 1991 have brought about visible upliftment of economic conditions of the country.
This paper examines if the economic process is associated with an enhancement of India’s social development in equal measure
in the reform decade of nineties. Ray (1989) considered thirteen social indicators of India and constructed the country’s
social development index (SDI) as a certain weighted average of the selected indicators, for the years between 1950–51 and
1975–76. The present work broadly follows Ray (1989) in tracking the social development in the decade of economic reforms from 1990–91 to 1999–2000. The movement of SDI in nineties
has been compared with the movements of India’s per capita income and plan expenditure on the social sector. The results show
that though there has been growth in the social sector, it is not by far quite encouraging and perhaps more needs to be done
in the social sector.
The views expressed in the article are those of the author and not of the institution he serves. 相似文献
999.
Gary Neil Marks 《Social indicators research》2008,85(2):293-309
Since the early 1970s the importance of mothers’ socioeconomic characteristics on their children’s educational and occupational
attainment has been acknowledged. However, it is not clear if fathers’ characteristics have a stronger influence because men
usually have stronger attachments to the labour market, or alternatively mothers’ characteristics are more important because
of their greater role in children’s socialization. This study addresses this question by comparing the influence of father’s
and mother’s education and occupation on student performance in literacy and numeracy using data from 30 countries. The impact
of mother’s education is usually greater or comparable to that of father’s education. In contrast, substantially stronger
effects for mother’s occupational status compared to father’s were rare. In most countries the impact of mother’s socioeconomic
characteristics (education plus occupation) on student performance is comparable to that for father’s. Of the four indicators
of socioeconomic background, father’s occupational status and mother’s educational attainment tend to have stronger effects,
although many countries do not conform to this pattern. There are indications that the relative importance of mother’s characteristics
have increased over time.
相似文献
Gary Neil MarksEmail: |
1000.
This paper characterizes vulnerable workers in Canada and the federal jurisdiction, based upon characteristics such as employment
status, demographic characteristics, and job characteristics, and identifies areas in which labour standards may have a role.
Based on this analysis, the paper evaluates the potential for labour standards to address economic vulnerability, focusing
on labour standards policies aimed at wages and benefits, hours, and employment arrangements. In addition, the analysis considers
the extent to which labour standards are likely to reach vulnerable workers. The results suggest several potential roles for
labour standards and highlights policy implications.
相似文献
George A. SlotsveEmail: |