Efe fathers: one among many? A comparison of forager children's involvement with fathers and other males

The study reported describes Efe (pygmy) forager one-, two-, and three-year-olds' involvement with males. The Efe of northeastern Zaïre were chosen because their social organization allows us to examine hypotheses based on studies in Western, technologically complex societies about the distinctive role fathers play in the lives of their young children. Behavioral observations of Efe children's day-to-day activities with fathers, men and boys were recorded using a focal subject sampling technique (Altmann, 1974). Two behavioral measures were created to capture the extent to which males were involved with children: Social engagement describes males' involvement with children and social attention describes eavesdropping by children on males' everyday activities. Eight one-year-olds, 7 two-year-olds and 8 three-year-olds were each observed for six, one-hour observation sessions that were distributed evenly over the daylight hours. Data were analyzed using the traditional measure of involvement (e.g., adult males) and using a newly developed measure of the involvement of the average individual (e.g., average adult mate). Comparisons at each of the ages showed that fathers were consistently like other men in the extent to which children participated in social activities with them and watched their activities. Only fathers' level of social engagement declined significantly as children grew older. Boys' role relative to other males became increasingly distinctive as children aged. The findings suggest that Efe fathers may not be unique in the same sense assumed by Western study ideals, and raise questions about the special status given to fathers in Western theory and data. The patterning of mate involvement with children is discussed in terms of Efe community life, and in terms of Efe children's developing understanding of their relationship with fathers and other males.     

论和谐发展人才的培养

高校作为构建社会主义和谐社会的重要基地,应该以培养和谐发展的人才为中心.培养和谐发展的人才,就要始终坚持以学生为本,把全面、协调、可持续的发展要求落实到人才培养的全过程,教育学生形成和谐人生观,为和谐发展的人生打下坚实基础.     

於梨华留学生文学创作心灵嬗变的轨迹

留学生文学鼻祖於梨华心灵嬗变的轨迹与留学生文学的形成、发展密切相关。她的心灵经历了"依附过美国而终于对美国失望,投奔台湾而终于与台湾离异,疑惧大陆而终于对新中国认同"的嬗变历程。因此作家笔下的留学生文学既抒写了"无根的一代"的苦闷与寂寞,再现了他们迷惑与彷徨的心境,又表达了对祖国大陆的认同、归依的情思和要写出硅谷新一代移民的新发展的理想。     

自然科学与基督教的关系探讨——以自然科学的起源和前沿为视角

文章首先通过分析自然科学与基督教方法论发展上的相似,来说明近代自然科学在本源上与基督教的紧密联系,论证了近代自然科学在基督教欧洲发生的必然性.其次通过阐述当代自然科学一些前沿问题的研究进展来证明自然科学和基督教世界观的内在一致性.最后试图以基督教和近代自然科学的关系为先导,提出一些具有现实价值的、值得各领域一起合作探索的问题.同时也希望本文能够纠正一些长久以来存在于人们脑海中由于特定宗教、文化和意识形态下以偏概全的观念.     

优选方案定量评价模型研究

在确定评价指标体系的基础上，如何对若干事物或方案进行选优是一个十分有意义的问题．作者利用模糊多目标决策对此进行研究，并通过实例说明该方法的有效性与实用性．     

石涛"一画"论的美学意义

"一画"是理解石涛绘画美学思性与根据性,但更强调根据性."一画"也是画家创作的原动力和根本规律,它虽与具体的艺术技巧有关,但不再是对具体的法则与规律的描述."一画"还是在本体与画家主体之间的联系纽带,它根源于中国传统思想的"天人合一".而之所以能实现这种"天人合一",与画家的淡化功利观念密切相关.     

Preparing Parents for Adoption: An Agency Experience

To prepare for the complexities of family formation, 78 prospective adoptive parents participated in Pre-Adopt, a psychosocial educational orientation program offered by one private nonprofit agency. The five-session curriculum included an overview of adoption policies and procedures, discussion of the child placement process, exploration of couples' adoption concerns and expectations about child characteristics, information about adoption laws and birth-parent/child searches, and examination of anticipatory fantasies about birth parents. Program evaluation yielded statistically significant and clinically meaningful findings about changes in emotional readiness to adopt, parenting knowledge, and satisfaction with group participation, adoption policies and agency practices. Practice implications are considered.     

对工程造价控制管理问题的探讨

分析我国工程造价管理中存在的问题;从工程建设全过程出发,论述如何控制工程造价。     

从统一到对立,从相似到相反--漫谈英语词汇的演化

从印欧语词根ghostis的历史演变、和英语词缀less的灵活作用着眼,谈谈词汇演变中的一些奇趣现象.