应用数字仿真技术提高电液伺服课教学效果

针对电液伺服课内容抽象、理论推导多、不易理解,且学校实验经费紧张,无法实现物理实验的难点,应用数字仿真方法建立了能完成该课程相关试验内容的虚拟实验环境,同时该软件也可配合课堂教学,对所授内容进行直观演示.     

Black-White Differentials in Adult Homicide Mortality in the United States

Objective . This article examines individual level black-white differences in adult homicide mortality. Homicide is a major social problem and a central cause of preventable death in the United States. A homicide not only claims one life prematurely but can also devastate a family, friends, and a neighboring community. Methods . We link eight consecutive years of the National Health Interview Survey (1987–94) to the Multiple Cause of Death file through the National Death Index (1987–97), and use Cox proportional hazard models to examine the role of social factors in black-white homicide mortality in the United States. Results . We find that individual level sociodemographic characteristics—age, sex, marital status, education, employment status, and geographic factors—explain almost 35 percent of the racial differences in homicide mortality. Conclusions . These results demonstrate the contributions that National Center for Health Statistics data can make to criminological literature and reveal the mechanisms through which blacks experience higher homicide mortality than whites. Such illumination may lead to a reduction in the fourth leading preventable cause of death in the United States.     

规制犯罪中单位立功问题研究

基于与自然人主体的平等性以及立功制度的立法目的,犯罪的单位也可成为刑法中立功的主体.单位立功的构成,要求单位责任人员为了单位利益,以单位名义,体现单位意志,并且具有单位立功的前提和能力.单位构成立功时,单位立功的效力和从宽处遇通常及于单位责任人员,单位责任人员单独构成个人立功时,并不会影响对单位处刑上的优待.     

Expenditure Differences of University Degree Holders Across Occupational Sectors in Malaysia

This study was motivated by the key role university degree holders play in Malaysia's vision for the future and by concerns expressed about the drift of university degree holders from one sector to another. A questionnaire was mailed to a sample of 400 Malaysian families that had at least one member who held a university degree. The objective was to elicit details of the household economic situation of respondents, with special reference to the differences in expenditure patterns between families whose degree holder worked in higher education, government, or the private sector.Results of tobit analysis of expenditures show that there are some differences between the sectors regarding expenditure patterns, but the differences are not as great as expected. Nevertheless, university-educated persons in the private sector seem to have somewhat different expenditure patterns than their counterparts in other sectors.     

The impact of risk sharing on efficient decision

A group of risk-averse members must choose among monetary risks and payoff-sharing rules. Departure from the status quo requires unanimous consent. Such groups drill for oil, bail out nations, and make hostile takeover bids. Assume agreement on probabilities. As is well known, if all members have identically shaped HARA utility functions, efficient group act-choices follow another such function independently of payoff sharing. We show that all other groups inevitably have complex efficient behavior, accepting gambles among individually unacceptable lotteries in almost every status quo position. We also develop proper risk aversion for groups, and treat disagreement on probabilities.Support of the Associates of the Harvard Business School (Pratt) and the Business and Government and Energy and Environmental Policy Centers (Zeckhauser) is gratefully acknowledged. We received helpful comments from Scott Johnson, Mark Machina, and a referee. Jay Patel provided assistance beyond the call of collegiality.     

Young Carers: challenging the facts and politics of research into children and caring

This paper critically reviews existing research on young carers. I argue that our knowledge of what young carers do and how they differ from other children, is extremely limited. Without this information, practice recommendations will be based on guesswork and prejudice. I argue that the existing literature pays lip service to the support, or lack of it, that disabled people need to empower them as parents. In this context, I also review research into the relationship between disability and parenting. Research has tended to involve the search for the negative impact of an adult's disability on a child's growth, intelligence and adjustment. This has therefore told us little about how parental disability affects the domestic and caring tasks of children. There is a conceptual hole in the middle of our existing awareness about caring and childhood, with which future research must attempt to grapple.     

当前中小型出口企业面临的困境及原因探析

 2007年以来，在国内外形势趋紧的背景下，我国出口增幅逐步回落，出口企业承受的压力明显加大，特别是中小型出口企业出口下降，亏损和经营困难企业增多。本文结合作者在深圳、东莞和中山三市的调研情况，对当前出口企业的困境做深入分析，力图客观、全面地把握出口企业情况。     

An Observational Study of Early Heterosexual Interaction at Middle School Dances

In this longitudinal, observational study of heterosexual interaction at middle school dances we examined the degree to which boys' and girls' groups became more gender integrated over time. The results show groups became more integrated over time with the pattern differing by gender. Boys had a relatively low level of contact with girls over the early months with an accelerated increase in the latter months. Girls had an increase in contact with boys over the early months but then a decrease in contact over the latter months. Further, changes in the dynamic covariate, aggression, were associated with changes in integration, and the static covariate, initial physical attractiveness, was predictive of integration trajectories. Physical attractiveness and aggression did relate to gender integration, but counter to our hypotheses, each strategy did not vary by gender, as predicted by sexual selection theory. Results are discussed in terms of different methods in assessing the roles of aggression and physical attractiveness in gender integration.