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81.
This analysis of community opposition to group homes for the mentally handicapped uses data from a survey of New Jersey group home providers. It indicates that deteriorating neighborhoods are most likely to organize in opposition, but that upper-middle class neighborhoods are most likely to enjoy private access to local officials and can, therefore, lobby effectively in opposition to group homes in their neighborhoods. Generally, lower and lower-middle class neighborhoods do not have lobbying privileges and must rely on mass-mobilization, petition campaigns, and other public political tactics that are less effective in influencing local officials. If, however, they gain access to local officials and secure lobbying privileges, they are no less successful than their upper-middle class counterparts in influencing them. 相似文献
82.
The Use and Abuse of Models of Disability 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Throughout history, theorists have made use of the technology of the day to provide explanatory models of the behaviour they observe in order to provide an improved understanding of human behaviour. Bax (1998) describes the use of models of disability as not particularly helpful in relation to the treatment of children with physical disabilities. It is the purpose of this paper to show that models do have their place within disability research and the implications of using the medical and social models of disability, together with two models from developmental psychology, namely the transactional model and systems theory, will be discussed. It is argued by the authors that the usage of these models can aid understanding of disability in both research and clinical settings. 相似文献
83.
The vigilance reinforcement hypothesis (VRH) asserts that errors in signal detection tasks are partially explained by operant reinforcement and extinction processes. VRH predictions were tested with a computerized baggage screening task. Our experiment evaluated the effects of signal schedule (extinction vs. variable interval 6 min) and visual field complexity (dial vs. baggage x-ray) on search behavior rates. There was a main effect for signal schedule [F (1, 20) = 14.0, p = .001, prep = 0.99], but no effects for field complexity or interaction. The VRH suggests that performance errors in visual screening work may be reduced through operant conditioning of search behaviors by intensive management of artificially planted signals. 相似文献
84.
Hogan H 《Journal of the American Statistical Association》1993,88(423):1,047-1,060
The author assesses the 1990 Post-Enumeration Survey, which was "designed to produce Census tabulation of [U.S.] states and local areas corrected for the undercount or overcount of population....[He] discusses the process that produced the census adjustment estimates [as well as] the work aimed at improving the estimates.... The article then presents some of the principal results...." 相似文献
85.
1. Patients experience greater satisfaction with nursing care when they are truly understood. 2. Being aware of taken-for-granted meanings and committing the time to seek clarification and explore meanings are two basic principles that can facilitate understanding. 3. Techniques nurses can use to facilitate understanding include restating what was heard to ensure understanding and to demonstrate active listening, asking open-ended questions, and checking for understanding. 相似文献
86.
Hogan JA Baca I Daley C Garcia T Jaker J Lowther M Klitzner M 《Journal of drug education》2003,33(3):233-243
A wide variety of prevention approaches that reduce substance use and associated problems have been developed and tested. But successes have been limited in promoting the use of these scientific advances by the policy makers, practitioners, and concerned citizens. The Center for Substance Abuse Prevention's six regional Centers for the Application of Prevention Technologies (CSAP's CAPTs) are a major mechanism by which CSAP brings research to practice. This article synthesizes the issues that the CAPTs have faced, the solutions they have developed, and conclusions concerning the work that still needs to be done to increase the application of science-based approaches to prevention. These discussions highlight the particular importance of addressing issues related to the larger systems in which prevention programs and strategies operate. 相似文献
87.
Data from the New Beneficiary Study for currently married men who began receiving social security benefits in 1980–1981 indicate that the racial earnings gap is greater in retirement than it was in employment. Racial differences in employment and pension earnings are specified by education and employment status. There is, however, a significant net racial effect in predicting social security earnings. Furthermore, education interacts with race in predicting asset earnings, which constitute the major source of racial inequality in retirement. This analysis highlights not only the enduring problem of poverty for African Americans and Latinos who are "working off the books,' without social security benefits, but also the possibility of a "glass ceiling' that limits access to assets for highly educated nonwhites. 相似文献
88.
89.
Dennis P. Hogan 《Demography》1978,15(2):161-175
National data for ever-married men aged 20 to 65 in March 1973 are utilized to estimate least squares and log-linear structural equation models of age at marriage. We demonstrate that most characteristics of family background (including both the family structure and its socioeconomic standing) are irrelevant in their effect on age at marriage. Intercohort trends are not explicable with reference to the changing socioeconomic, ethnic, or nativity compositions of the cohorts. Regional differences in age at marriage have persisted over the years in only slightly diminished form and cannot be explained by reference to the nativity, ethnic, or socioeconomic compositions of the regions. Early job status relates only weakly to age at marriage. Only those activities that are time-consuming or otherwise disruptive of the smooth operation of normal life-cycle processes during the transition from adolescence to adulthood (such as college attendance and service in the military) seriously affect the age at which a man marries. 相似文献
90.
Alex C. Michalos P. Maurine Hatch Dawn Hemingway Loraine Lavallee Anne Hogan Bev Christensen 《Social indicators research》2007,84(2):127-158
Replicating a survey of 875 people 55 years old or more undertaken in September 1999 throughout the former Northern Interior
Health Region (NIHR) of British Columbia, in September 2005 a sample of 656 people completed a 22-page questionnaire. The
average age of the respondents was 68, with a range running from 55 to 96 years, and 64% were women. Responses to the SF-36
questionnaire indicated that for male respondents aged 55–64, the mean score for the 8 dimensions was 76.1. This mean was
a bit higher than the 74.4 mean of 1999. For male respondents aged 65 and older the mean was 69.0, which was also higher than
the 68.3 mean of 1999. For females aged 55–64, the mean score for 8 dimensions was 73.1, versus 73.0 in 1999. For female respondents
aged 65 and older, the mean score was 67.0, versus 65.4 in 1999. Based on these mean scores for the 8 dimensions, then, it
is fair to say that the overall health status of males and females aged 55 years and older in the region in 2005 was at least
as good as (i.e., the same as or better than) that in 1999. Comparing 28 average figures for the 2005 respondents on satisfaction
with specific domains of life (e.g., financial security, health, sense of meaning) and three global indicators (satisfaction
with life as a whole and with the overall quality of life, and happiness) with those of the 1999 respondents, we found that
the scores for the 2005 sample were at least as high as those of the other sample. Thus, it seems fair to say that the perceived
quality of life of older people in the former NIHR so far as it is revealed in domain and global satisfaction and happiness
scores, is at least as good as the perceived quality of life of a similar sample in 1999. Although a large majority perceived
increases in crime in the 2 year periods prior to both surveys, smaller percentages of the 2005 sample than of the 1999 sample
thought that crime had increased over the past two years, avoided going out at night, feared for their safety, had crime-related
worries, engaged in crime-related defensive behaviours and were actually the victims of any crimes. Therefore, it seems fair
to say that, so far as crime-related issues are concerned for the two samples of seniors responding to our surveys, there
is more evidence of improvement than of deterioration. Applying stepwise multiple regression, each of the eight dependent
variables was explained on the basis of four clusters of predictors separately and then a final regression was run using only
the statistically significant predictors from the four clusters. Broadly speaking, 7 SF-36 health status scales explained
from 28% to 45% of the variance in the 8 dependent variables, running from satisfaction with the overall quality of life (28%)
to the single item measure of general health (45%). The seven predictors in the Social Relations cluster explained from 7%
of the variance in the SF-36 General Health scale scores to 57% of the variance in the Life Satisfaction scores. The four
predictors in the Problems cluster explained from 10% of the variance in the SF-36 General Health scale scores to 24% of the
variance in the SWLS scores. The 11 predictors in the Domain Satisfaction cluster explained from 14% of the variance in the
SF-36 General Health scale scores to 64% of the variance in the SWB scores. Putting all the significant predictors together
for each dependent variable, in the weakest case, 4 of 11 potential predictors explained 33% of the variance in the SF-36
General Health scale scores and in the strongest case, 9 of 15 potential predictors explained 70% of the variance in Life
Satisfaction scores. Among other things, these results clearly show that respondents’ ideas about a generally healthy life
are different from, but not independent of, their ideas about a happy, satisfying or contented life, or about the perceived
quality of their lives or their subjective wellbeing. Finally, the 7 core discrepancy predictors of MDT plus incomes were
used to explain the eight dependent variables. From 13% of the variance in the SF-36 General Health scale scores to 57% of
the variance in SWLS scores was explained using those predictors. Based on an examination of the Total Effects scores for
the predictors of the 8 dependent variables, the most influential predictors were Self-Wants, followed by Self-Others and
then Self-Best. In other words, the most influential discrepancy predictors of respondents’ overall life assessments were
those between what respondents have versus what they want, followed by what they have versus what others of the same age and
sex have, and then by what they have versus the best they ever had in the past.
We would like to thank the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada for support of this research with funds
granted to Alex C. Michalos through the Gold Medal Award in 2004. 相似文献