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131.
Markus Rudolf 《International migration (Geneva, Switzerland)》2019,57(6):208-223
There are numerous explanations for why Tanzania withdrew from the CRRF (Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework). Being aware that the decision was the sum of multiple coinciding factors the article argues that the decisive features were, firstly, a failed dialogue about the basis and the goals of CRRF between the Tanzanian government and the UN (United Nations); secondly, a disillusion on the Tanzanian side related to the history of international cooperation on refugee issues; and thirdly, a perceived contradiction between the goals of the CRRF and domestic policies, specifically in relation to the agenda of national sovereignty propagated by the incumbent Tanzanian government. Numerous publications on the New York declaration, the CRRF, and the GCR (Global Compact on Refugees) have portrayed the evolution of ideas, principles, and political compromises in question. Yet few analyses highlight which core messages were received on the ground or what impact they had on the very people concerned. This article, therefore will touch only briefly on declarations and statements of the UN and instead focus on a bottom‐up perspective. 相似文献
132.
This article of the journal “Gruppe. Interaktion. Organisation.” analyzes and discusses current changes in the working environment with regard to the associated opportunities and risks. Due to the growing dynamism of the markets, digitization, the demographic change and the change of values the importance of flexibility and changeability as central prerequisites for organizational survival is rising constantly. At the same time organizations and employees make higher demands on each other. This shift in the “psychological contract” between employees and organization is discussed in the light of the characteristics of “generation Y”. The article concludes by summarizing consequences of these developments for work in organizations, leadership, change processes and consulting. 相似文献
133.
Helen L. McLachlan Touran Shafiei Della A. Forster 《Women and birth : journal of the Australian College of Midwives》2017,30(5):361-366
Background
Increasing breastfeeding rates is one way of improving the short and long term health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children (hereafter referred to as Aboriginal). Despite the benefits of breastfeeding and recommendations for strategies to increase breastfeeding among Aboriginal people, there is a lack of available population data.Aim
To use population-based data from Victoria, Australia to compare breastfeeding initiation for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal women and to explore factors associated with breastfeeding initiation of Aboriginal women.Methods
Routinely collected infant feeding data obtained from the Victorian Perinatal Data Collection (VPDC) was used. The VPDC is a mandatory, population-based system where maternal and infant data on all Victorian births are collected.Findings
Compared with non-Aboriginal women, Aboriginal women were less likely to attempt to breastfeed their baby (87.2% vs 95.3%; p < 0.001); more likely to give formula in hospital (39.6% vs 30.6%; p < 0.001) and less likely to give the last feed prior to discharge exclusively from the breast (64.4% vs 75.0% p < 0.001). For Aboriginal women, factors associated with not initiating breastfeeding were being single, multiparous, smoking and length of stay. Infant factors were gestation less than 37 weeks and low birthweight (<2,500 g).Conclusion
In Victoria, breastfeeding initiation is lower for Aboriginal women compared with non-Aboriginal women. Further research is needed to explore the effectiveness of interventions that may increase breastfeeding for Aboriginal women. 相似文献134.
This paper studies the effect of increased immigration in Austria on the unemployment risk of young natives. Austria experienced
a dramatic rise in the share of alien workers as a result of the breakdown of the former communist regimes (especially from
former Yugoslavia). We concentrate on unemployment entry of young male workers, who are supposed to compete most heavily with
new immigrants. Our results indicate that the detrimental impact – if it exists at all – is only minor. This is irrespective
of the analyzed proxy for competition: The share of foreign workers in an industry or in a region.
Received: 7 March 1996/Accepted: 20 March 1998 相似文献
135.
We survey different models, techniques, and some recent results to tackle machine scheduling problems within a distributed setting. In traditional optimization, a central authority is asked to solve a (computationally hard) optimization problem. In contrast, in distributed settings there are several agents, possibly equipped with private information that is not publicly known, and these agents must interact to derive a solution to the problem. Usually the agents have their individual preferences, which induces them to behave strategically to manipulate the resulting solution. Nevertheless, one is often interested in the global performance of such systems. The analysis of such distributed settings requires techniques from classical optimization, game theory, and economic theory. The paper therefore briefly introduces the most important of the underlying concepts and gives a selection of typical research questions and recent results, focusing on applications to machine scheduling problems. This includes the study of the so‐called price of anarchy for settings where the agents do not possess private information, as well as the design and analysis of (truthful) mechanisms in settings where the agents do possess private information. 相似文献
136.
Fair division of indivisible items between two players: design parameters for Contested Pile methods
Contested Pile methods are two-phase procedures for the fair allocation of indivisible items to two players. In the Generation Phase, items over which the players’ preferences differ widely enough are allocated. “Contested” items are placed in the Contested Pile, which is then allocated in the Splitting Phase. Each phase can be carried out using several different techniques; we perform a comprehensive analysis of the resulting design variants using a computational model. The properties of fairness and efficiency, generally achieved in the Generation Phase, must be traded off against robustness to manipulation. We find that the recently developed Undercut procedure for the Splitting Phase outperforms alternative methods in both fairness and efficiency. In general, procedures that keep the Contested Pile relatively small and incorporate the Undercut procedure score well in both fairness and efficiency, but are prone to manipulation. 相似文献
137.
The change of one's habitual living conditions in favor of institutionalized living in a retirement home can be a stressful event. Therefore, the question arises: How does entry into a retirement home affect attitudes toward one's life and aging and toward retirement homes? In order to answer this question, we used longitudinal data from 53 older individuals who were surveyed before and after entry into a retirement home. The data revealed that attitudes toward one's life and aging changed negatively and attitudes toward retirement homes changed positively; however, there are gains and losses in both attitudes. 相似文献
138.
Sylvia Frühwirth-Schnatter Rudolf Frühwirth Leonhard Held Håvard Rue 《Statistics and Computing》2009,19(4):479-492
The article considers Bayesian analysis of hierarchical models for count, binomial and multinomial data using efficient MCMC
sampling procedures. To this end, an improved method of auxiliary mixture sampling is proposed. In contrast to previously
proposed samplers the method uses a bounded number of latent variables per observation, independent of the intensity of the
underlying Poisson process in the case of count data, or of the number of experiments in the case of binomial and multinomial
data. The bounded number of latent variables results in a more general error distribution, which is a negative log-Gamma distribution
with arbitrary integer shape parameter. The required approximations of these distributions by Gaussian mixtures have been
computed. Overall, the improvement leads to a substantial increase in efficiency of auxiliary mixture sampling for highly
structured models. The method is illustrated for finite mixtures of generalized linear models and an epidemiological case
study. 相似文献
139.
ABSTRACT Contact and assistance between neighbors are prominent forms of social exchange in a spatial context. For older adults, the neighborhood gains in importance when mobility disabilities increase. This explorative study, therefore, aimed to investigate given and received neighborhood help and the everyday meaning of neighboring among older adults in an urban district. Study participants were aged 60 years and older (N = 100) living in an urban district of Zurich, Switzerland. Results highlight that older adults reported vivid interactions with their neighbors and that reciprocity exists between given and received neighborhood help. Besides that, daily contact and neighborhood help affect the perceived feeling of neighboring. Data indicate that neighboring is a meaningful resource for coping with everyday life situations in old age in an urban context. 相似文献
140.
This paper identifies convex distributional preferences as a possible cause for the empirical observation that agents belonging to the same group tend to behave similarly in risky environments. We first show theoretically that convex distributional preferences imply social interaction effects in risky choices in the sense that observing a peer choose a risky (safe) option increases the agent’s incentive to choose the risky (safe) option as well, even when lotteries are stochastically independent and the agent can only observe the lottery chosen by the peer but not the corresponding outcome. We then confirm our theoretical predictions experimentally. 相似文献