DRUG POLICY IN THE TIME OF AIDS:

In 1985, the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) funded an ethnographic research project in San Francisco to study the needle sharing behavior of injection drug users (IDUs). The goal of the research was to develop a strategy to slow the spread of HIV among this hidden and hard to reach population of drug users and their sexual partners. This small-scale project grew into a model intervention in which bleach, condoms, and street-based education by outreach workers were employed to inform IDUs of the risk of AIDS and of methods for protecting themselves. The "reach and teach bleach" model was adopted by NIDA and implemented in a number of American cities. This study describes the development of the model intervention, the adoption of the model by NIDA as part of its National AIDS Demonstration Research (NADR) project, and the political circumstances under which the city of San Francisco applied for the NADR grant. Drawing on Social Worlds/Arena theory, and based on extensive interviews and participant observation, a sociohistorical analysis examines the initial development, implementation, and disintegration of the model outreach project and the impact of the program on drug policy in the city of San Francisco.     

Naturally occurring play patterns in groups of latency aged children

This study examines the influence of the socialization of aggression among different gender and social class groupings and the influence of psychosocial stage on cognitive developmental play preferences among groups of school aged children. Observations of 143 play groups were coded for play preference (symbolic play, practice play, games with rules) and play performance (cooperative or competitive). Findings of the log-linear data analysis suggest a middle class and masculine bias in Piaget's cognitive model (i.e., that as age increases children prefer more games with rules). This model held only for middle class and affluent boys. Girls (both latency and prepubertal) and lower socioeconomic groups tended to prefer practice play. Girls were more likely to play cooperatively; boys more likely to play competitively. Implications for theory development and clinical practice are explored.     

世界贸易组织：优势、挑战与前景

本文探讨了世界贸易组织的优势和面临的挑战，并对其发展前景作了展望。作者认为，与过去的国际贸易组织和关贸总协定相比，世界贸易组织具有许多优势，世界经济联系越来越紧密、冷战后各国对经济安全的重视、世界经济多极化的发展、发展中国家贸易政策的自由化和自身较完善的机制等都是其优势所在。但同时世界贸易组织也面临着各国经济摩擦加剧、发达国家贸易保护主义抬头、区域经济集团剧增和自身机制尚存在缺陷等挑战。基于以上分析，作者对世界贸易组织的未来前景持谨慎的乐观态度，认为世界贸易组织不会象国际贸易组织那样中途夭折，也不会象关贸总协定那样软弱被动，它将在成员国之间不断的冲突与妥协中存在并发挥比较强有力的作用。     

基于顾客资源的动态竞争优势

随着市场竞争环境变化的加剧,企业战略竞争的基点正在从企业内部的资源转移到企业适应外部环境的动态能力上,顾客资源因能有效地衔接企业内部资源和外部环境机会而成为弥足珍贵的战略性资源,以顾客资源为基础构筑的核心竞争力正日益体现出强大的动态竞争优势。因此,企业只有通过加快转变企业的战略管理理念、重构企业内部的业务流程、改革传统的价值链模式和实施企业的顾客忠诚化管理等途径构筑基于顾客资源的动态竞争优势,才能将企业立于竞争的不败之地。     

The Impact of Items and Anchors on Parent–Child Reports of Problem Behavior

Research has repeatedly demonstrated that parent and child reports of child behavior and emotional functioning often do not agree in terms of symptom severity or even symptom presence. Given the potential clinical impact that discrepant reports may have on the therapeutic process, a significant amount of research has addressed the factors influencing this observed discrepancy. Traditionally, this research has evaluated the impact of demographic factors on mean differences and obtained correlation coefficients between parent and child reports. The current research improves upon previous research in this area in two ways. First, the current research uses parent and child measures with identical rather than similar items as is commonly found in previous research. Second, the current research moves beyond identifying demographic influences on discrepant reports by explaining observed discrepancies in terms of differences in parent and child perceptions of typical child behavior.David Carlston and Benjamin Ogles are affiliated with Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens, USA.Funding for this project was provided by the Ohio Department of Mental Health.     

融贯中西与古今文化诗学的意象体系——鲁迅诗歌意象的类型分析

意象是诗歌的生命。鲁迅诗歌使用了大量的审美意象,融贯中西与古今文化诗学,形成了自己独立的体系。鲁迅诗歌意象为六种类型,以三组对立的形态出现,即:历史性意象/现实性意象;东方意象/西方意象;社会性意象/人化自然的意象。这些意象的使用,昭示了鲁迅忧国忧民的伟大人格,并形成鲁迅自己独特的诗风。同时,他的诗歌与我国传统诗歌相比较,具有鲜明的现代性,与后起的新诗相比,又具有深厚的传统文化诗学的底蕴。     

论现代企业经营思想

企业行为受其经营思想的支配,企业的经营思想取决于企业所处的客观环境。在市场经济与现代企业制度的约束下,企业普遍应树立的经营思想有:守法观念、效益观念、用户观念、创新观念、竞争观念和战略观念。各种观念应当互为配合,形成一个有机的整体。     

婚龄性别比失衡对社会运行和发展的影响——来自吉林省延边朝鲜族自治州农村地区的调查分析

婚龄性别比失衡问题到底有什么样的社会影响?这些社会影响的性质、影响范围以及具体表现又是怎样?为了回答这些问题,我们对延边地区进行了实地调查和深度访谈,发现该地区的婚龄男女性别比失衡相当明显。在这些地区,由于婚龄女性人口的大量向城市(国外)流动,当地的很多成年男性到了婚龄,都面临着无妻可娶的窘境。由此,对社会造成了一些负面的影响,社会运行和发展出现了一定程度上的离轨。     

斜腿刚构桥几何布局的优化设计

采用数学规划的方法从静力和动力两方面对斜腿刚构桥的几何布局进行优化设计。静力优化设计的优化目标是截面截面应力平方均值最小，动力优化设计的优化目标是结构自振周期平方和最小。采用了直接搜索法寻优。通过算例可知，这两种优化设计方法均可行，且均为刚性设计。     

体验、解析、会通——张岱年哲学方法论的综合创新

体验、解析、会通的有机统一,是张岱年《天人五论》所建构的哲学方法论。这种方法论排斥直觉法,因而不同于现代新儒家和清华学派的哲学家;同时,它把辩证法看成一般的学术方法而非独立的哲学方法,这又使其不同于当时的新唯物论者。这种方法论是在综合中西哲学方法以及近现代各派哲学方法基础上的一个综合创造。