歧路上的辩证逻辑

中国的辩证逻辑研究在苏联哲学问题编辑部《逻辑问题讨论总结》误导下,抛弃了形式逻辑,只研究认识过程中的辩证思维阶段,走上了歧途。恩格斯的“辩证逻辑”,是“辩证的逻辑”的误译。辩证逻辑不仅名不正,言也不顺:研究对象和研究方法都偏离了黑格尔奠基的大方向。     

ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE SCHEDULING POLICIES FOR HOSPITAL NURSES

The persistent shortage of nurses adversely affects the productivity, quality of care, and operating costs in most acute care hospitals. Aggravating the shortage are high nurse turnover rates, approaching 200% in some institutions. Policies to ensure adequate staffing levels and provide more attractive work schedules are alleged to improve nurse retention. However, their cost is seldom discussed. We compared expected nursing expense and workforce requirements to staff eight medical and surgical nursing units of a large hospital for 1 month, under 12 different scheduling policies alleged to improve turnover. Using simulation and an integrated staffing and scheduling methodology, we found that the expected nursing wages and workforce requirements for some policies differed by as much as 33%. In this hospital, the expected labor costs for certain policies could erode the benefits expected from improved retention. In contrast, other policies appear to allow high utilization of nursing resources, enhancing the expected benefits of reduced turnover with significant reductions in expenses for labor, recruiting, training, and fringe benefits.     

LOAD CUBING AT R. J. REYNOLDS

R. J. Reynolds Tobacco USA (RJR) is currently implementing a microcomputer-based decision support system to computerize and optimize the selection of patterns for loading cases of finished product into truck trailers at RJR's Central Distribution Center. This system allows for the efficient loading of trucks with less supervision. Total annual savings from reduced personnel and shipping costs is approximately $850,000. In addition to these benefits, the system is a stepping stone for trailer loading automation and the integration of a comprehensive load planning system.     

Labor Utilization Effects of Labor Scheduling Flexibility Alternatives in a Tour Scheduling Environment

This study used a factorial experimental design and a new modeling methodology to investigate the impact of a number of labor scheduling flexibility alternatives and labor requirements characteristics on labor utilization within a tour scheduling environment. Break-placement flexibility and shift-length flexibility were found to be extremely effective in improving labor utilization for all labor requirement distributions used. Flexibility with respect to the number of days included in a tour schedule resulted in substantial improvement in labor utilization for all labor requirements distributions exhibiting daily and/or weekly variation. Surprisingly, virtually no improvement in labor utilization was achieved for any labor requirement distribution by the removal of requirements for consecutive days off. In addition, almost no improvement was found by allowing the shift start time to vary across the working days included in tours. High labor requirement amplitude was found to have a strong adverse effect on labor utilization while longer operational days were associated with improved labor utilization for all labor requirement distributions. We discuss the implications of these results for service operations management and provide suggestions for future research.     

Two-Group Classification Using Neural Networks*

Artificial neural networks are new methods for classification. We investigate two important issues in building neural network models; network architecture and size of training samples. Experiments were designed and carried out on two-group classification problems to find answers to these model building questions. The first experiment deals with selection of architecture and sample size for different classification problems. Results show that choice of architecture and choice of sample size depend on the objective: to maximize the classification rate of training samples, or to maximize the generalizability of neural networks. The second experiment compares neural network models with classical models such as linear discriminant analysis and quadratic discriminant analysis, and nonparametric methods such as k-nearest-neighbor and linear programming. Results show that neural networks are comparable to, if not better than, these other methods in terms of classification rates in the training samples but not in the test samples.     

论节约在发展中的地位和作用

发展是我们党执政兴国的第一要务,怎样为实现经济社会又快又好的发展提供强大的动力,创造良好的条件,重要的一点,是在全社会大力弘扬勤俭节约、艰苦奋斗的精神。努力建设节约型社会,有助于转变发展观念,创新发展模式,提高发展质量,真正把经济社会发展转入全面、协调、可持续发展轨道。一、节约是实现人类社会可持续发展的永恒主题节约内含对人力、物力和财力的节省。人力节省是活劳动的节约,物力节省是物化劳动的节约,财力节省则是活劳动和物化劳动的货币表现。马克思在阐述劳动时间的节约在社会发展中的作用时指出:“无论是个人,无论是社会…     

论国民待遇在世贸组织法律体系中的科学定位

法律原则是构成法律规则之基础或本源的具有根基性质的原理和准则。国民待遇在世贸组织成立前是多边贸易法律体系的基本原则,然而,多边贸易法律体系经乌拉圭回合后已扩展到服务贸易等新的领域。无论从规则角度,还是从实证的角度来看,国民待遇不构成GATS的基本原则,因而也不构成世贸组织法的基本原则。这一变化是服务贸易所具有的不同性质和特征在多边贸易法律体系上的体现。     

论问题的评价

问题的评价和选择虽然关系非常密切,但它们又是两种不同的认识和活动。对一个问题的评价至少要包括以下几个方面:(1)问题的真实性,(2)问题的恰当性,(3)问题的价值性。对问题的评价可区分为内部评价和外部评价,解题前评价和解题后评价。其中,内部评价是一种认识论评价,主要以启发性、新奇性、普遍性、深刻性、渗透力和增殖力作为问题评价的主要标准。     

论"任诞"与中朝名士

中朝时期,儒学衰微,玄风大畅,伴随着清谈的绝而复闻,任诞放达的生活方式也在中朝重新兴起,成为中朝士人博名邀誉的一种重要方式。本文从任诞之风在中朝盛行的原因、时代特点和对其的客观评价三个方面入手,全面论述了任诞之风及其与中朝名士之间的相互关系。     

霍华德政府时期澳大利亚移民人口结构变化及其社会影响——多元文化主义的视角

作为一个拥有悠久移民历史的国家,移民问题贯穿在澳大利亚历史上的每一个篇章中,而霍华德政府时期的移民人口结构则奠定了当代澳大利亚移民人口结构的基本形态,因此研究霍华德政府时期的移民人口结构更有助于认识当代澳大利亚社会。本文从回顾澳大利亚的移民历史着手,分别从移民的类别与年龄、来源国、性别结构、地区分布、受教育水平与英语水平这五方面来研究霍华德政府时期移民人口结构的特点,探寻移民人口结构变化对澳大利亚社会产生的诸多影响。