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51.
We show that Bayesian ex post aggregation is unstable with respect to refinements. Suppose a group of Bayesians use ex post
aggregation. Since it is a joint problem, each agent's problem is captured by the same model, but probabilities and utilities
may vary. If they analyze the same situation in more detail, their refined analysis should preserve their preferences among
acts. However, ex post aggregation could bring about a preference reversal on the group level. Ex post aggregation thus depends
on how much information is used and may keep oscillating (“flipping”) as one keeps adding more information.
Received: 16 April 2002/Accepted: 27 May 2002 相似文献
52.
Koji Takamiya 《Social Choice and Welfare》2003,20(1):77-83
In a general model of indivisible good allocation, S?nmez (1999) established that, whenever the core is nonempty for each
preference profile, if an allocation rule is strategy-proof, individually rational and Pareto optimal, then the rule is a
selection from the core correspondence, and the core correspondence must be essentially single-valued. This paper studies
the converse claim of this result. I demonstrate that whenever the preference domain satisfies a certain condition of `richness',
if the core correspondence is essentially single-valued, then any selection from the core correspondence is strategy-proof
(even weakly coalition strategy-proof, in fact). In particular, on the domain of preferences in which each individual has
strict preferences over his own assignments and there is no consumption externality, such an allocation rule is coalition
strategy-proof. And on this domain, coalition strategy-proofness is equivalent to Maskin monotonicity, an important property
in implementation theory.
Received: 22 February 2000/Accepted: 22 January 2002
I am grateful to Ryo-ichi Nagahisa, Shinji Ohseto, Hiroshi Ono, Tomoichi Shinotsuka and Shigehiro Serizawa for valuable comments.
And I am indebted to two anonymous referees for useful suggestions. Especially, I owe the present proof of Lemma 2 to one
referee. I also thank Yukihiko Funaki, Atsushi Kajii, Mamoru Kaneko, Eiichi Miyagawa, Tatsuyoshi Saijo, Manimay Sengupta,
Yves Sprumont, Yoshikatsu Tatamitani, Manabu Toda, Takashi Ui, Takehiko Yamato, Naoki Yoshihara and the participants of the
seminars in Hokkaido University, Kansai University, ISER (Osaka University), Otaru University of Commerce and Tsukuba University.
All errors are my own responsiblity. 相似文献
53.
Simon Gottschalk 《Symbolic Interaction》1995,18(1):1-18
As new technologies, video-games are becoming increasingly popular among today's pre-teens and teenagers. Relying on systematic observation of videogames found in public arcades, participation in them, and engagement with the relevant literature, I explore eight central assumptions of “videology”: the ideology which organizes these games. While suggesting that these assumptions articulate and exaggerate problematic ideological themes, I also explore the relationship between videology and a postmodern culture or moment. 相似文献
54.
思想道德修养课在考核方法上存在两种不同的价值取向 :纯粹考核的价值取向和服务学生的价值取向。而三段式考核模式正是倡导服务学生的价值取向 ,从而达到考核的真正目的 相似文献
55.
Charles W. Griffiths Chris Dockins Nicole Owens Nathalie B. Simon Daniel A. Axelrad 《Risk analysis》2002,22(4):679-688
To quantify the health benefits of environmental policies, economists generally require estimates of the reduced probability of illness or death. For policies that reduce exposure to carcinogenic substances, these estimates traditionally have been obtained through the linear extrapolation of experimental dose-response data to low-exposure scenarios as described in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (1986). In response to evolving scientific knowledge, EPA proposed revisions to the guidelines in 1996. Under the proposed revisions, dose-response relationships would not be estimated for carcinogens thought to exhibit nonlinear modes of action. Such a change in cancer-risk assessment methods and outputs will likely have serious consequences for how benefit-cost analyses of policies aimed at reducing cancer risks are conducted. Any tendency for reduced quantification of effects in environmental risk assessments, such as those contemplated in the revisions to EPA's cancer-risk assessment guidelines, impedes the ability of economic analysts to respond to increasing calls for benefit-cost analysis. This article examines the implications for benefit-cost analysis of carcinogenic exposures of the proposed changes to the 1986 Guidelines and proposes an approach for bounding dose-response relationships when no biologically based models are available. In spite of the more limited quantitative information provided in a carcinogen risk assessment under the proposed revisions to the guidelines, we argue that reasonable bounds on dose-response relationships can be estimated for low-level exposures to nonlinear carcinogens. This approach yields estimates of reduced illness for use in a benefit-cost analysis while incorporating evidence of nonlinearities in the dose-response relationship. As an illustration, the bounding approach is applied to the case of chloroform exposure. 相似文献
56.
57.
Chris Dockins Robin R Jenkins Nicole Owens Nathalie B Simon Lanelle Bembenek Wiggins 《Risk analysis》2002,22(2):335-346
This article explores two problems analysts face in determining how to estimate values for children's health and safety risk reductions. The first addresses the question: Do willingness‐to‐pay estimates for health risk changes differ across children and adults and, if so, how? To answer this question, the article first examines the potential effects of age and risk preferences on willingness to pay. A summary of the literature reporting empirical evidence of differences between willingness to pay for adult health and safety risk reductions and willingness to pay for health and safety risk reductions in children is also provided. The second dimension of the problem is a more fundamental issue: Whose perspective is relevant when valuing children's health effects—society's, children's, adults‐as‐children, or parents'? Each perspective is considered, followed ultimately by the conclusion that adopting a parental perspective through an intrahousehold allocation model seems closest to meeting the needs of the estimation problem at hand. A policy example in which the choice of perspective affects the outcome of a regulatory benefit‐cost analysis rounds out the article and emphasizes the importance of perspective. 相似文献
58.
Frank De Zwart 《Theory and Society》2005,34(2):137-169
Governments around the world combat inequality by means of group-specific redistribution. Some pursue redistribution that benefits groups, but also wish to avoid accentuating or even recognizing group distinctions. This poses a dilemma that they try to resolve by adjusting the category system used to target redistribution. There are three types of adjustment: accommodation (the multicultural approach), denial (the ideal-typical liberal solution), and replacement (a compromise). In replacement the targets of redistributive policies are constructed to avoid accentuation or recognition of inconvenient group distinctions, but still allow redistribution that benefits these groups. Replacement is increasingly in demand around the world because the disadvantages of multiculturalism are becoming apparent while denial is hard to sustain in the face of group inequality. The actual effect of replacement is little researched and less understood, however. Does it resolve the dilemma of recognition? Two examples–India and Nigeria–where replacement has been tried ever since the 1950s cast doubt on its viability. 相似文献
59.
一、世界旅游组织旅游统计体系的基本框架统计系统应包含一系列的统计功能。它的总目标在于向使用者提供反映一个国家社会经济结构及发展的可靠的、持续的和适当的统计数据,而且要使不同国家的数据结果适于进行国际比较。这一体系中包含着一系列的概念、分类、总量指标以及标准。世界旅游组织(以下简称WTO)反复说明,旅游统计体系应该被理解为一般统计体系的一部分,它也应提供描述旅游业社会经济结构和发展的可靠连续而恰当的统计信息。[1]鉴于此,WTO对旅游统计体系进行了非常广泛和深入的论述和界定。它所提供的旅游统计体系框架可用下图… 相似文献
60.