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171.
The conclusions of alogically consistent economic theory which strictly adheres to Aristotle's axioms of logic are factually true if its sufficient conditions are all factually true. Alternatively, if a conclusion of such a theory is false, then at- least one of its assumptions is false. Unfortunately, the factual truth of sufficient conditions cannot be established because the problem of induction i s impossible t o solve. It is algo true that the falsity of a conclusion cannot be established in the presence of uncertainty. While the philosophy of instrumentalism applied to sufficient and logically consistent explanations may provide useful solutions to immediate practical problems, the principles of simplicity, parsimony and profligacy--all of them requiring conditional deductive arguments--are useless as criteria for model choice. 相似文献
172.
Urban tree cover: an ecological perspective 总被引:11,自引:4,他引:7
Zipperer Wayne C. Sisinni Susan M. Pouyat Richard V. Foresman Timothy W. 《Urban Ecosystems》1997,1(4):229-246
Analysis of urban tree cover is generally limited to inventories of tree structure and composition on public lands. This approach provided valuable information for resource management. However, it does not account for all tree cover within an urban landscape, thus providing insufficient information on ecological patterns and processes. We propose evaluating tree cover for an entire urban area that is based on patch dynamics. Treed patches are classified by their origin, structure, and management intensity. A patch approach enables ecologists to evaluate ecological patterns and processes for the entire urban landscape and to examine how social patterns influence these ecological patterns and processes. 相似文献
173.
174.
This paper presents the results on consistency and asymptotic normality of a class of minimum contrast estimators for random processes with short- or long-range dependence based on the second- and third-order cumulant spectra. Asymptotic properties of sample spectral functionals of second and third orders, which are of independent interest in view of their possible use for nonparametric estimation of processes with short- or long-range dependence, are also provided. 相似文献
175.
ANDREW V. BEALE 《The Career development quarterly》1989,38(2):172-182
Familiarizing prospective counselors with basic career information resources is one of the primary goals of most career counseling classes. This article illustrates a series of novel activities that can be used to introduce students to standard career resources. 相似文献
176.
177.
Tables have been prepared for the construction and selection of multiple dependent (deferred) state (MDS) sampling plans of type MDS-(c1,c2). These plans are compared with conventional sampling plans (such as single and double sampling) and it is shown that MDS-type plans require a smaller sample size. A special feature of the MDS-(0,1) plan is highlighted and its design procedure is indicated. 相似文献
178.
179.
Nhu D. Le Weimin Sun & James V. Zidek 《Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B, Statistical methodology》1997,59(2):501-510
In a network of s g sites, responses like levels of airborne pollutant concentrations may be monitored over time. The sites need not all measure the same set of response items and unmeasured items are considered as data missing by design . We propose a hierarchical Bayesian approach to interpolate the levels of, say, k responses at s u other locations called ungauged sites and also the unmeasured levels of the k responses at the gauged sites. Our method involves two steps. First, when all hyperparameters are assumed to be known, a predictive distribution is derived. In turn, an interpolator, its variance and a simultaneous interpolation region are obtained. In step two, we propose the use of an empirical Bayesian approach to estimate the hyperparameters through an EM algorithm. We base our theory on a linear Gaussian model and the relationship between a multivariate normal and matrix T -distribution. Our theory allows us to pool data from several existing networks that measure different subsets of response items for interpolation. 相似文献
180.