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331.
Ever since Sen’s criticism of internal consistency properties of choice, there exists a perception that the standard rational choice approach has difficulties in coping with
the existence of external norms, or the information a menu of choice might convey to a decision maker. This article provides
a brief survey of possible responses to these criticisms of traditional rational choice theory. We review approaches to the
internalization of external norms as well as ways to formulate norm-conditional rationalizability. Furthermore, we illustrate how the epistemic value of an opportunity set can be incorporated into rational choice theory. 相似文献
332.
Walter Wymer 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》2011,22(4):831-851
This study explores the relationship between sex differences and preferences for volunteer roles, organizations, and supervision.
A series of hypotheses were developed from prior research on sex differences from the fields of biology, neuroscience, and
psychology to determine whether such preferences can be predicted. An online survey panel of over 700 individuals comprised
the sample. Many of the hypotheses were supported. Implications of the findings on future research and on volunteer recruitment
and retention are discussed. 相似文献
333.
Transformational leadership (TFL) climate describes the degree to which leaders throughout an organization engage in TFL behaviors. In this study, we investigate performance linkages, mechanisms, and boundary conditions of TFL climate at the organizational level of analysis. In a sample of 158 independent organizations, 18,094 employees provided data on TFL climate, positive affective climate, trust climate, and employees' task performance behavior and organizational citizenship behavior. In addition, human resource managers rated overall employee productivity. Study results yielded a pattern of moderated mediation for overall employee productivity and employees' aggregate task performance behavior, in that an organization's TFL climate was indirectly (through positive affective climate) related with these outcome variables under conditions of high trust climate, but not under conditions of low trust climate. Further, we found an organization's TFL climate to indirectly relate with employees' aggregate organizational citizenship behavior through positive affective climate, largely independent of the level of trust climate. 相似文献
334.
The article outlines the issues that the internet presents to death studies. Part 1 describes a range of online practices that may affect dying, the funeral, grief and memorialization, inheritance and archaeology; it also summarizes the kinds of research that have been done in these fields. Part 2 argues that these new online practices have implications for, and may be illuminated by, key concepts in death studies: the sequestration (or separation from everyday life) of death and dying, disenfranchisement of grief, private grief, social death, illness and grief narratives, continuing bonds with the dead, and the presence of the dead in society. In particular, social network sites can bring dying and grieving out of both the private and public realms and into the everyday life of social networks beyond the immediate family, and provide an audience for once private communications with the dead. 相似文献
335.
The axiom of weak disposability is frequently imposed in data envelopment analysis (DEA) models involving undesirable outputs such as pollution. This paper sheds new light on the economic interpretation of weak disposability by developing dual formulations of the weakly disposable DEA technology. We find that the economic implications of weak disposability on the multiplier DEA problem are two-fold: (1) the shadow prices of the undesirable outputs can be positive or negative, and (2) the economic loss of the benchmark cannot exceed the suck cost of the inputs. We interpret the second implications as a limited liability condition. The dual formulations developed in this paper enable one to estimate shadow prices of the undesirable outputs using the weakly disposable technology. The insights gained are illustrated by a numerical example and an empirical application to the US power plants. 相似文献
336.
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338.
We consider modified tolerance intervals for assessing content (dose) uniformity from one‐ and two‐stage designs. This work was motivated by a proposal from the International Pharmaceutical Aerosol Consortium on Regulation and Science (IPAC‐RS) to modify tolerance intervals to reduce their known conservatism away from the centre of the acceptance interval. IPAC‐RS's original proposal suffers from anti‐conservatism, but we find this is due to the choice of constants, not the form of the acceptance rule. We propose an alternative basis for choosing the constants in the acceptance rules and compare attained levels to those of other choices, including revised constants proposed by IPAC‐RS. These alternate choices of the constants lead to modified tolerance intervals that are either conservative at the sample sizes for which they were chosen or may have slight anti‐conservatism, within the limits of the simulations. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
339.
Walter D. Scott Eric Dearing W. Rusty Reynolds Julie E. Lindsay Grayson L. Baird Sarah Hamill 《Journal of research on adolescence》2008,18(2):379-394
The relationship between cognitive self‐regulatory processes and depression was examined in American Indian adolescents from a Northern Plains tribe. Students completed measures of negative life events, self‐efficacy, goals, and depressive symptoms. Results indicated that academic self‐efficacy was strongly associated with depression. Academic self‐efficacy also correlated with intrinsically motivating goal representations, such that students who indicated high academic self‐efficacy had goals that were more important to them, goals they thought more about, and goals they viewed as wanted by the self instead of as imposed on by others. However, we did not find the hypothesized mediational model in which academic self‐efficacy influenced depression indirectly by influencing goal characteristics. Rather, this indirect model varied by grade, and differed from what we expected. Specifically, for older adolescents, higher levels of academic self‐efficacy predicted goals that were more likely to be identified as the adolescent's own, and in turn, these self‐ as opposed to other‐oriented goals predicted higher levels of depressive symptoms. Results are discussed as providing support for continued investigations into the role of specific cognitive self‐regulatory processes in youth adjustment. 相似文献
340.
Kanti Mardia and Walter Gilks consider the future role of statistics in scientific explanation and prediction, through views expressed by eminent scientists, philosophers and statisticians and through their own experience, particularly in the field of bioinformatics. 相似文献