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11.
This paper reports the development and validation of the Neighborhood Observation Scale, a 41 item measure of neighborhood
physical appearance, social appearance, safety, and amenities. Three independent ratings were collected on each of 244 neighborhoods
in 132 census block groups in five South Carolina counties, for a total of 732 observations. Inter-rater reliability analysis
showed 92.6% agreement among at least two raters and an intraclass correlation of .54, indicating acceptable reliability.
Exploratory factor analysis extracted eight factors for neighborhood physical appearance, school/park/public space physical
appearance, neighborhood social appearance, indicated social engagement, observed social engagement, park/public space social
engagement, resident watchfulness, and neighborhood safety risk. A follow-up confirmatory factor analysis supported the eight
factor structure. Reliability analysis produced alpha coefficients ranging from .55 to .94 for the eight factors, indicating
reliability for use as sub-scales. Convergent validity was determined by generally acceptable correlations of the factor sub-scales
with measures of neighborhood distress, rates of child maltreatment and ICD-9-CM coded child injuries, and resident perceptions
of neighboring, collective efficacy, reciprocal helping, and children’s safety in the home. Implications for research and
policy and program development are discussed. 相似文献
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The distinctive regional and urban locational patterns of thirty-three ethnic groups in the United States are analyzed from two different perspectives. First, who are the numerically important groups in each region? Second, from the perspective of the groups themselves, where are they spatially concentrated? We hypothesize that the forces generating distinctive ethnic locational patterns are strongest at the time of the initial settlement; thus the longer a group has been present in the United States, the less geographically concentrated it will be. This is found to be true for most ethnic groups except blacks and American Indians, whose specific social and political situations explain their particular concentrations. However, the early settlement patterns still affect the ethnic makeup of various areas of the nation, even though the concentrations have diminished over time. Moreover, although the 1975–1980 patterns of internal migration (analyzed through a Markov Chain model) are tending to reduce some of the distinctive geographic concentrations in the nation, this will still not fully eliminate distinctive ethnic concentrations. Groups differ in their propensities to leave or enter each area in a way that reflects the existing ethnic compositions of the areas. Thus even with the massive level of internal migration in the nation, there is no evidence that the substantial ethnic linkage to region is disappearing. 相似文献
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The reliability of a treatment process is addressed in terms of achieving a regulatory effluent concentration standard and the design safety factors associated with the treatment process. This methodology was then applied to two aqueous hazardous waste treatment processes: packed tower aeration and activated sludge (aerobic) biological treatment. The designs achieving 95 percent reliability were compared with those designs based on conventional practice to determine their patterns of conservatism. Scoping-level treatment costs were also related to reliability levels for these treatment processes. The results indicate that the reliability levels for the physical/chemical treatment process (packed tower aeration) based on the deterministic safety factors range from 80 percent to over 99 percent, whereas those for the biological treatment process range from near 0 percent to over 99 percent, depending on the compound evaluated. Increases in reliability per unit increase in treatment costs are most pronounced at lower reliability levels (less than about 80 percent) than at the higher reliability levels (greater than 90 percent, indicating a point of diminishing returns. Additional research focused on process parameters that presently contain large uncertainties may reduce those uncertainties, with attending increases in the reliability levels of the treatment processes. 相似文献
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Richard D. Waters 《Nonprofit management & leadership》2007,18(1):59-76
To evaluate the current status of communication and fundraising strategies on the Internet, a stratified random sample of the Chronicle of Philanthropy's Philanthropy 400 was content‐analyzed in mid‐January 2005. Web sites were coded on variables identified in practitioner and scholarly literature on issues of accountability, fundraising practices, and interactive communication strategies. Chi‐square analysis found that the top nonprofit organizations included copies of their annual reports, organizational goals, and mission statements, while second‐tier organizations were more likely to use a sales approach by using e‐commerce technology and terminology to process online donations. 相似文献
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Tara Kolar Bryan Robbie Waters Robichau Gabrielle E. L'Esperance 《Nonprofit management & leadership》2021,31(3):547-569
This article combines the evaluation capacity building and nonprofit accountability literature to examine how nonprofits use evaluation data to address stakeholder expectations. Our study investigates how staff competency, technological resources, learning climate, and strategic planning influence a nonprofit's ability to demonstrate upward, lateral, and downward accountabilities. Results indicate different combinations of evaluation capacities matter more for particular stakeholder groups. We argue a more integrative nonprofit accountability requires that managers and staff know how to utilize evaluation results for internal and external audiences. Nuances between specific evaluative capacities and their influences on multiple accountabilities suggest several implications for practice. 相似文献