Worlds come apart: Systems theory versus critical theory. Drama in the history of sociology in the twentieth century

This article places an episode in the history of sociological theory into intellectual history in the twentieth century. The perspective is chronological as well as contextual. The themes are two theoretical approaches, both embedded in both American and German history, Parsonian Systems Theory and “Frankfurt School” Critical Theory. The chronology shown spanned mainly from the 1940s to the 1960s. The context of the two theories is a period that is crucial in twentieth century history. The protagonists of the two approaches were, in the 1940s, Americans and Germans exiled in the United States. In the 1950s, both approaches were affected by McCarthyism in different ways. The 1960s, however, were the culmination. The dynamics of the two approaches led into a schism which came into the open on the occasion of the 1964 German Sociology Conference in Heidelberg celebrating Max Weber. The article shows the stages in the evolution of the schism, emulating three acts in a drama. The final split was over whether Weber or Marx should be the classic whose oeuvre was to influence sociological thinking today. My aim is to exemplify how these two authoritative approaches in sociological theory, far from escaping the vagaries and vicissitudes of their times, were embedded in twentieth-century history.     

Partial strikes under the railway labor act: The need for a doctrine of unprotected concerted activity

In light of use by airline unions of partial-strike tactics, such as concerted refusals to bid for overtime work and so-called ” CHAOS” tactics involving unannounced refusals to fly after passengers have been ticketed and are ready to board, the authors examine whether the Railway Labor Act (RLA) should be interpreted to permit employers to discipline employees for engaging in such tactics, or whether these are a protected form of economic pressure. Although in many respects bargaining duties and economic weapons under the RLA are read consonant with precedents under the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) (which governs all industries other than rail and air transport), there are a few decisions suggesting that during the period when self-help may be resorted to, employees can engage in partial strike activities as long as they violate no court order but are subject to permanent replacement in limited circumstances. These decisions, the authors submit, fail to take account of Supreme Court decsions since the 1930s that some economic pressures by unions, such as slowdowns and sitins, may not violate the labor laws but nor are they protected by those laws so as to immunize partial strikers from employer discipline. These decisions are not based on unique features of the NLRA. Rather, they give recognition to the background assumptions of Congress that employers may act to protect their property interests as long as they do not run afoul of NLRA or RLA protections and that employees who engage in partial-strike activities are subject to employer discipline even where not strictly necessary to maintain operations. Moreover, these tactics skew the bargaining process by giving employees an essentially risk-free gambit to pressure their economic position through planned disruption of carrier operations. Professor Estreicher is also labor and employment counsel to O’Melveny & Myers, LLP. The views expressed herein are the authors’ and should not be attributed to any organization. Hannah Breshin and Tom Jerman of O’Melveny & Myers, assisted the authors with this article. We also thank Professor Herbert Northrup for his helpful comments.     

我国城市土地产权制度建设的基本思路

一、我国城市土地产权制度的基础 一个国家和地区的土地产权制度,决定了这个国家或地区的土地所有权能否实现,而且影响着地产市场的发育、运作状况以及土地资源的配置等.     

森林可持续经营的政策支持体系——亚太区域示范林项目中国临安示范林实践

运用参与性诊断(即PRRA)方法对临安示范林地区的森林经营主要政策进行了诊断分析,找出了现行政策存在的问题,如:政策环境欠佳,产权政策不到位,税费政策不合理,林业产品生产、加工和销售脱节,森林生态效益补偿政策欠规范、不合理等.同时,运用参与性设计的方法对若干主要政策进行专项设计,并在此基础上,从优化森林可持续经营的政策环境和规范政策系统运行两方面入手,提出一套科学、合理和有效的适合当地水平的森林可持续经营综合设计方案,以促进示范林网络的发展.     

常德市土壤水分平衡指标定量计算研究

土壤水分平衡指标是衡量某一区域土壤水分状况的重要标志，正确掌握某一区域的土壤水分平衡指标．有利于该区农业生产的合理布局和各种农作物的合理配置。定量计算表明：常德市的几种主要土壤水分平衡指标为：年可能蒸散量Ep919mm，年实际蒸散量E．906mm，土壤年缺水量D13mm，土壤年余水量R473mm。通过对常德市全年土壤水分收支情况的分析，得到了较为满意的结果，为有关方面提供了借鉴材料。     

虎鲨对温度、pH值的耐受性研究

本文报道了在LRH-250E型培养箱中对平均尾重0.2g和1.2g的虎鲨进行温度耐受性试验,并对均重1.2g的虎鲨做了pH耐受性研究。结果表明:尾重O.2g的虎鲨在驯化温度为20℃时,水温突变引起的致死高温为41℃,致死低温为14℃;尾重1.2g虎鲨在驯化温度为24℃时,水温突变引起的致死高温是42℃,致死低温为14.5℃。尾重1.2g虎鲨能够耐受的pH值其上限是11.51,下限是2.52。     

抗战前十年南京国民政府的禁烟禁毒政策

烟毒影响近代中国社会至深且巨 ,南京国民政府自成立之日起便展开对这一社会问题的治理工作。抗战前十年其禁烟政策历经“寓禁于征”、断禁和渐禁三个阶段的演变 ,在禁烟领域作出了自己的努力 ,并取得阶段性成果 ,北洋军阀时期烟毒大泛滥的局面得到基本扼制。     

Netzwerken: Reflexionen und Erfahrungen am Beispiel eines TrainerInnen und BeraterInnen-Netzwerkes

How are social networks organized and how much structure and openess do they have? The ambiguity of networking and the grade of organization are discussed and described theoretically and with an authentic example.     

一种基于宏块类型的自适应运动估计算法

利用低码流、运动量较小的视频序列前后帧具有很强的时空相关性的特点，进行了算法改进的实验，在保持视频性能的同时，减少了运动搜索的计算量，提高了运动估计的速度。