经济学理性主义传统的当代流变

经济学的传统是以理性主义作为传统的,本文通过介绍经济学的发展,以一股新的理性主义、历史主义、系统思维或非理性主义的潮流,冲击主流经济学的理性主义传统,对经济学理论反思的同时,并对经济学的未来进行方法论的解读。     

对跨越资本主义卡夫丁峡谷理论的几点思考

19世纪后期,马克思恩格斯根据对俄国农村公社制度及俄国进入社会主义的道路问题进行深入的研究后提出了跨越资本主义卡夫丁峡谷的理论。我国学术界和理论界在讨论马克思主义的“跨越论”中,曾有人提出苏联和中国是“跨越论”的例证。我们认为,马克思主义关于跨越资本主义卡夫丁峡谷的理论是有着客观条件的,持“跨越论”观点的理论依据是不充分的。实际上,无论苏联还是中国都没有实现真正意义上的跨越。     

内陆外向型城市建设的障碍因素集层次结构分析模型

本文以西安内陆外向型城市建设为例，运用系统工程的基本思想、网络理论及综合评价技术，构建了内陆外向型城市建设的障碍因素集层次结构分析模型，找到了西安内陆外向型城市建设的主要和次要障碍因素集，提出了在目前和今后较长的一段时间内，西安内陆外向型城市建设的主要任务是大力发展第三产业。本模型方法对其它地区的内陆外向型城市建设及复杂的社会经济系统障碍因素定量分析研究也有较好的参考价值     

仔猪水肿病菌苗制备及免疫效力的测定

用致仔猪水肿病的溶血性大肠杆菌制备氢氧化铝苗、蜂胶苗、油佐剂苗和超声波灭活苗,分别以0.1mL、0.2mL剂量免疫小白鼠,在免疫后24d用强毒株培养液攻击,结果显示:0.1mL氢氧化铝苗、0.2mL 蜂胶苗可使小白鼠获得100％的保护。0.1mL超声波灭活苗可使小白鼠获得80％的保护。用不同菌液免疫家兔,在免疫后21d、27d采血测其凝集抗体效价,21d、27d皆以油佐剂苗效价最高,达1:32、1:64,其次为蜂胶苗,为1:32(++)、1:32(++++)。     

Individual irrationality and social welfare

Individual preferences inconsistent with personal welfare caused neither by ignorance nor by a positive consideration for the welfare of others are defined as (welfare) irrational. Sources of irrationality (rigid adherence to moral principles, excessive fear of danger, excessive tempetation of pleasure, revenge, inertia, faulty telescopic faculty, the fallacy of diminishing marginal utility of utility, etc.) are discussed. An evolutionary explanation of irrationality is suggested and some implications for individual decision and social policy indicated.I am grateful to two anonymous referees for comments.     

Cohort shifts in the timing of births in Ghana

A comparison of cohorts of ever-married Chanaian women suggests evidence of a fertility transition beginning among younger women and select subgroups. Ghana's crude birth rate declined from a high of 50/1000 population in 1970 to 38.8/1000 in 1985. To ascertain whether marital fertility is now being controlled through conscious attempts to lengthen birth intervals, World Fertility Survey data from 1979-80 on the timing of births among different birth cohorts were analyzed. It was hypothesized that, as a result of the influence of Western values that stress independence from parents and the introduction of compulsory education, cohorts of the mid-1950s and 1960s would be more likely to postpone childbearing, more active in the modern sector of the economy, and more accepting of modern contraceptive usage for birth spacing than women in the 1930-39, 1940-49, and 1950-59 cohorts. For the 1940-49 cohort, it took 10.8 months for 25% to have a birth following 1st marriage, 18.7 months for 50% to have a 1st birth, and 27.4 months for 75% to complete this step. By comparison, these figures for the 1955-64 birth cohort were 9.9, 16.7, and 20.5 months, respectively. The significantly shorter (p 0.01) interval between marriage and 1st birth found among younger women in part reflects rising age at marriage; mean age at 1st marriage was 17.9 years for the 1940 cohort and 21.6 years for the most recent cohort. After the birth of the 1st child, recent cohorts were more likely to wait longer for the 2nd birth. For women born in 1950-64, it took 21.8, 36.7, and 44.6 months for 25%, 50%, and 75%, respectively, to reach parity 2. This pattern of lengthened birth interval beyond the 1st birth was apparent at all parities in the youngest cohort and indicates increasing acceptance of contraception among those who have come of age during a period of rapid social change.     

Demographic aspects of abortion

The author discusses the need to emphasize the use of contraceptive methods in Poland, where women's desired family size is 2.0 to 2.2, and this number is realized by the age of 30-35. It is asserted that a higher cultural level, which includes a more sophisticated attitude toward sex, would eliminate the need to pass antiabortion legislation.     

Family roles and female mortality differentials across cultures: an inquiry of cultural adaptation in industrialization

The relationship between family support systems and female mortality in Chinese and American cultures is studied using 1980 official data from Taiwan and the United States. The differences in female mortality by marital status support the hypotheses that Chinese families provide greater support for older than younger females, and that the emphasis on filial piety in Chinese society provides more support for the elderly by Chinese than American children.     

An analytical paradigm for the analysis of national inmigration patterns

This study proposes and demonstrates an analytic paradigm based upon a substantive categorization of a set of inmigration correlates. It exemplifies the notion of categorizing, analyzing according to the categorization, and subsequently discussing the phenomenon in more depth. The paradigm has 2 steps: 1) the variables are categorized according to the cells resulting from the intersection of a preferably small number of nominal dimensions and 2) the data are analyzed, directly anchored in the prior categorization. The data used is Israel's 1983 census macro-data gathered from the Central Bureau of Statistics for the Israeli towns with populations of at least 5000. The authors defined 6 variables as push variables and 4 as pull variables. Results of the regression employing push variables show that 4 variables accounting for 72% of inmigration were found to significantly predict inmigration: 1) unemployment, 2) percentage of Asians-Africans, 3) town size, and 4) religiosity. Within the pull classification, the regression analysis reveals that 2 of the 4 variables explain 31% of the inmigration variance: 1) educational level (26%) and 2) income (5%). The 1st regression analysis on the 2nd dimension shows that the percentage of Asian-African origin and town population size account for 32% of the immigration variance. In the 2nd regression analysis, unemployment explains 48% of the inmigration variance and educational level explains 8%. In the 3rd regression, only home crowding explains a significant amount of the immigration variance (19%). Results of a multiple regression analysis show that unemployment level, percentage of Asian-Africans, population size, and level of religiosity account for 72% of the inmigration variance. Thus, the characteristics of a town inmigrating (push variables) are demographic, economic, and social. However, the attractive features of a town are only economic. Among all economic factors, unemployment is primary. In addition, not only are both percentage of Asians-Africans and population size significantly deflective of inmigration, but each also plays a separate and independent role.     

Procreative attitudes of newly married couples

Results are presented from a 1985 survey conducted among newly married couples in Poland concerning ideal and planned number of children. Both husbands and wives participated in the survey. Comparisons are made with results from a previous survey undertaken in 1975.