严复:在决定论与自由意志论之间——对史华慈严复研究的一个检讨

史华慈的<寻求富强:严复与西方>以为严复作<天演论>的目的之一是为了反驳赫胥黎,替斯宾塞辩护,是不能成立的.这涉及到严复令史华慈大感困惑的一点:在决定论和唯意志论之间游移.这多少是因为史华慈深谙西方哲学中决定论和唯意志论的对立,而对中国哲学中从荀子到刘禹锡、柳宗元等,在传统的"天人之辩"上,主张"天人相分"的传统缺乏深入的了解,而严复恰恰是继承了这一传统.严复的理路,还可以在儒佛乃至民间心理中寻找到更多的依据,而史华慈所说的"力本论"其实是其一贯之道.     

代谢综合征基础与临床系列研究——GRGDSP/7E3对动脉粥样硬化内皮细胞MMPs的mRNA表达的影响

目的了解GRGDSP/7E3对基质金属蛋白酶（MMP-2,MMP-9）mRNA表达的影响。方法体外培养人脐静脉内皮细胞,分别用酶谱法和逆转录聚合酶链式反应（RT-PCR）检测MMP-2,MMP-9活性和mRNA表达。待细胞融合成单层后,分别加入无血清培养基、静息期血小板、活化后血小板及interleukin-1β（IL-1β）,共同培养60min后,洗去血小板,内皮细胞继续培养6h。上清液及细胞分别用于酶谱法检测MMP-2和MMP-9活性,以及RT-PCR分析mRNA表达。结果内皮细胞与活化血小板共同培养后,酶谱法显示：与对照组相比,未活化的血小板轻微诱导MMP-2和MMP-9分泌,而活化状态的血小板能显著诱导这二者的分泌,与IL-1β的作用相当;而且还可以见到62kDaMMP-2活化形式。加入阻断剂GRGDSP以及GPⅡb/Ⅲa单克隆抗体（7E3）作用后检测发现,MMP-2和MMP-9分泌减少。与活化血小板共同培养后的内皮细胞表面表达uPAR和MT1-MMP以及上清液中MMP-2的mRNA与对照组相比明显增高,而静息状态的血小板作用不显著。加入GRGDSP或7E3后,mR-NA的表达降低。结论①活化状态的血小板与IL-1β的作用相当,能显著诱导MMP-2和MMP-9分泌;能明显增高内皮细胞（EC）-uPAR和MT1-MMP及上清液中MMP-2mRNA的表达;②GPⅡb/Ⅲa阻断剂可能抑制血小板在不稳定斑块部位聚集、粘附等一系列炎症反应。     

Bootstrap Estimation of Benchmark Doses and Confidence Limits with Clustered Quantal Data

The benchmark dose (BMD) is an exposure level that would induce a small risk increase (BMR level) above the background. The BMD approach to deriving a reference dose for risk assessment of noncancer effects is advantageous in that the estimate of BMD is not restricted to experimental doses and utilizes most available dose-response information. To quantify statistical uncertainty of a BMD estimate, we often calculate and report its lower confidence limit (i.e., BMDL), and may even consider it as a more conservative alternative to BMD itself. Computation of BMDL may involve normal confidence limits to BMD in conjunction with the delta method. Therefore, factors, such as small sample size and nonlinearity in model parameters, can affect the performance of the delta method BMDL, and alternative methods are useful. In this article, we propose a bootstrap method to estimate BMDL utilizing a scheme that consists of a resampling of residuals after model fitting and a one-step formula for parameter estimation. We illustrate the method with clustered binary data from developmental toxicity experiments. Our analysis shows that with moderately elevated dose-response data, the distribution of BMD estimator tends to be left-skewed and bootstrap BMDL s are smaller than the delta method BMDL s on average, hence quantifying risk more conservatively. Statistically, the bootstrap BMDL quantifies the uncertainty of the true BMD more honestly than the delta method BMDL as its coverage probability is closer to the nominal level than that of delta method BMDL. We find that BMD and BMDL estimates are generally insensitive to model choices provided that the models fit the data comparably well near the region of BMD. Our analysis also suggests that, in the presence of a significant and moderately strong dose-response relationship, the developmental toxicity experiments under the standard protocol support dose-response assessment at 5% BMR for BMD and 95% confidence level for BMDL.     

Female Labor Force Participation in Urban and Rural China1

Abstract The objective of this study is to examine female labor force participation and its determinants in rural and urban China. The sociological literature has demonstrated that participation tends to increase in urban and industrialized places where women have higher levels of education and fewer children, where more workers are engaged in service pursuits, and where family structure is less traditional. With the use of data on counties and cities (N = 2,377) from the I-percent sample of the 1982 census of the People's Republic of China, it was found that female labor force participation is likely to rise in areas with increased agricultural employment, educational levels, proportion of female-headed households, and higher male-to-female sex ratios. Both the size of the service sector and the fertility rate had negligible effects on female labor force participation. Although, on average, rural places have slightly higher levels of female labor force participation, when other variables are controlled, urban places have a higher rate of female participation. In addition, the findings suggest that market factors (i.e., education) are more likely to determine the rate of female labor force participation in urban areas; whereas demographic and social factors (i.e., sex ratio and household structure) play a more important role in explaining the female labor force participation in rural counties.     

儿童攻击行为的性别差异

文章论述了攻击行为发展的性别差异特点,生物因素和环境因素对儿童攻击行为性别差异的影响,以及儿童攻击行为的矫正方法。     

深水钻孔灌注桩基础施工技术

针对济阳黄河公路大桥钻孔灌注桩桩身长、孔壁易失稳垮塌、单桩混凝土灌注量大等施工难题，通过合理机械选型和控制护壁泥浆配比，取得了良好效果。以4″主墩为例介绍了施工条件及钻孔灌注桩施工技术措施，总结了施工效果。     

设计素描的四种基本功

设计素描作为学习设计的一门基础课程,通过观察方法、思维方式、表现形式、立体观念和细节刻画四个方面的介绍说明设计素描对于学习产品设计的重要性.     

Demographic aspects of abortion

The author discusses the need to emphasize the use of contraceptive methods in Poland, where women's desired family size is 2.0 to 2.2, and this number is realized by the age of 30-35. It is asserted that a higher cultural level, which includes a more sophisticated attitude toward sex, would eliminate the need to pass antiabortion legislation.     

Procreative attitudes of newly married couples

Results are presented from a 1985 survey conducted among newly married couples in Poland concerning ideal and planned number of children. Both husbands and wives participated in the survey. Comparisons are made with results from a previous survey undertaken in 1975.     

Fertility prospects in Poland

The three phases of the demographic transition in Poland are described with emphasis on changes in fertility. The author notes that the country had entered the third phase of low fertility by 1965. Despite a slight temporary increase due to pronatalist incentives, fertility has since remained low and will probably continue at this level or decline further.